chapter 6 memory
_________ is the activation of specific associations in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory.
Priming
The term__________in memory theory, means to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information.
displace
A(n) _________ is a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation, which can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations.
schema
General knowledge is referred to as__________.
semantic-memory
The__________is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series.
serial-position-effect
While watching a comedy show, Amanda remembered many funny incidents from her own college life. This is an example of _____.
state-dependent memory
_________ is the memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs.
Prospective memory
In Freud's psychodynamic theory,__________is the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness.
repression
Which of the following statements is true about explicit memory?
It is the memory of things that are clearly stated or explained.
What is sensory memory? Explain its functioning.
Sensory memory is the kind of memory that is first encountered by a stimulus. These actions may seem quick; however, our brain connects these perceptions together. Memory trace allows the brain to recall certain images for a limited time. Different experiments had been done with the letters "THUNSTOFAM" to understand the work of sensory memory more intently.
In long-term memory, we tend to organize information according to a hierarchical structure.
TRUE
Method of savings is a measure of retention in which the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to re-learn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed is calculated.
TRUE
When you are given a new phone number and write it down or immediately dial the number, you are retaining the number in your short-term memory.
TRUE
Which of the following is true about the storage of information in long-term memory?
We tend to organize information in order of their hierarchy.
Tracy had taken tennis lessons when she was very young and was a good tennis player in her school. However, she had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. At the tennis class, a moment after she picked up her racket, Tracy realized that she had shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking. Tracy's__________made this possible.
implicit-memory
Dana always hears stories about how extravagantly her first birthday was celebrated, but she is unable to recall the events of that day. Dana's inability to recall the events of her first birthday is known as _____.
infantile amnesia
Caleb had read in the newspaper that a popular corporation had appointed a new CEO. When he was talking about this to a friend, Caleb could only remember the first letter and the last letter of the new CEO's name. This illustrates__________.
the-serial-position-effect
The__________is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved.
tip-of-the-tongue-phenomenon
Describe anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
Anterograde amnesia is when you cannot recall events that happened after a physical trauma because of its effects. Retrograde amnesia is when you can't recall events before the physical trauma because of that trauma's effect. Anterograde amnesia is the forgetfulness of events after, and retrospect amnesia is the forgetfulness of events before the event happened.
Describe the different kinds of memory systems.
Different kinds of memory systems are explicit, implicit, retrospective, and prospective memory. In explicit memory, memory is there specifically for information. This means the memories are solid and clear. Implicit memory, however, is the process behind doing an action. This one is not near as clear as explicit and cannot always be explained. Retrospective memory is when a person remembers an action or thought that they had learned in previous scenarios. On the other hand, prospective memory is when an individual recalls information for future use.
_________ is the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli.
Echoic memory
_________ is the first stage of information processing.
Encoding
__________ is the first stage of information processing.
Encoding
In retrograde amnesia, there are memory lapses for the period following a trauma such as a blow to the head, an electric shock, or an operation.
FALSE
Prospective memory involves recalling information that has been previously learned.
FALSE
__________is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so.
Infantile-amnesia
__________are nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall.
Paired-associates
__________of stored information means locating it and returning it to consciousness.
Retrieval
__________is the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma.
Retrograde-amnesia
Dana can only remember a few of the first and last items on her grocery list. Which of the following is this an example of?
The serial-position effect
Jason, straining his eyes on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant landmarks to the harbor entrance; he is trying to create a mental picture of all the names. He is using__________.
a-visual-code
After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she combined the digits into smaller groups of three each. This process is called _____.
chunking
To remember the names of all the countries in Asia, Jennifer is mentally repeating all the country names several times. This scenario illustrates__________.
maintenance-rehearsal
A(n)__________is an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus.
memory-trace
If an image of Abraham Lincoln's face was flashed on a screen, the viewer could hold the visual impression in their sensory register as a(n)__________.
memory-trace
Studies involving brain imaging reveal that _____ makes it possible for people to carry out mental tasks with less neural activity.
priming
Studies involving brain imaging reveal that__________makes it possible for people to carry out mental tasks with less neural activity.
priming
Sarah remembers that she has to pack her suitcase and has to lock all the windows and doors before she leaves for her vacation the next day. Her memory about activities that need to be performed in the future would be known as__________.
prospective-memory
Joy speaks Spanish as she has learnt the language in school. She is now learning to speak French. She often notices that sometimes when speaking in Spanish, French words come to mind. This is an example of__________.
retroactive-interference
Ludwig, a cellist, is memorizing a musical composition just by listening to it, without referring to the sheet music. He most likely is using a(n)__________.
acoustic-code
The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _____.
determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory
The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to__________.
determine-whether-and-for-how-long-information-is-retained-in-memory
The term _________ in memory theory, means to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information.
displace
Stephen was recently involved in a car accident due to which he was critically injured. He is unable to recall the events that led to the accident. Stephen is suffering from _____.
retrograde amnesia
Christopher knows a lot of facts about the planet earth. He knows that the circumference of the earth is 40,030 km even though he did not personally measure the circumference of the earth. This knowledge is referred to as__________.
semantic-memory
While watching a comedy show, Amanda remembered many funny incidents from her own college life. This is an example of__________.
state-dependent-memory
_________ are nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall.
Paired associates
Research on the biology of memory involving the visual cortex of rats reared in stimulating environments and the stimulation of certain synapses in sea snails, such as Aplysia, suggests that _____.
neural events may be involved in memory
Sarah remembers that she has to pack her suitcase and has to lock all the windows and doors before she leaves for her vacation the next day. Her memory about activities that need to be performed in the future would be known as _____.
prospective memory
When we look at a visual stimulus, our impressions of it may seem fluid enough. This is because _____.
sensory memory briefly holds perceptions, making them seem connected
