Chapter 6 Nutrition

RDA for protein

0.8 g/kg of body weight

AMDR for protein

10%-35%

Which elements make up amino acids?

Acid group (-COOH), Amine group (-NH2) and Unique side chain

Define conditionally essential amino acids

Amino acids that are essential in the diet only under certain conditions or at certain times of life; also called semiessential amino acids

Define nonessential amino acids

Amino acids that can be synthesized by the human body in sufficient amounts to meet needs.

Define an essential amino acid

An amino acid that cannot be synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts to meet its needs and therefore must be included in the diet.

Sources of complete proteins

Animal Proteins, Soy proteins, Quinoa Proteins

Dietary sources of protein

Animal based and plant based

What is the difference between proteins from animal based and plant based?

Animal based proteins are high in saturated fat and cholesterol, and provide B Vitamins; where as plant based proteins are low in saturated fat and have no cholesterol and are high in Fiber, phytochemicals, and unsaturated fat.

Celiac disease definition

Auto immune condition due to allergic reaction to protein in wheat, rye, and barley.

Why is protein PEM more common in children than adults

Because they have high protein/energy needs for growth.

Which elements make up proteins?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen.

Define denaturation and how it affects the function of a protein

Denaturation is the alteration of a protein's three-dimensional structure. It changed the structure therefore it changes the function.

Symptoms of Celiac Disease

Diarrhea, abdominal bloating and cramps, weight loss, and anemia.

Conditions or problems associated with inadequate protein intake.

Edema, Increased infections, and Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

Lacto-ovo vegetarian

Excludes all animal flesh but does not include eggs and dairy products such as milk and cheese.

Vegan

Excludes all food of animal origin.

Lacto vegetarian

Excludes animal flesh and eggs but does not include dairy products.

Semi Vegetarian

Excludes red meat but may include fish poultry, dietary products and eggs

How can dietary protein trigger a food allergy?

Food allergies are triggered in the body when a protein from the diet is absorbed without being completely digested.

Treatment for Celiac Disease

Gluten Free Diet

What are the sources of plant based proteins

Grains, nuts, and legumes.

Conditions in which protein needs may increase

Growth, injury, illness, and some physical activities.

How can protein become denatured

Heat, acids, bases, and salts.

Risks associated with a high protein diet

Increased water loss, Kidney disease, and Kidney stones, Heart disease, cancer, Bone health.

What is the difference in Kwashiorkor and Marasmus

Kwashiorkor (swollen stomach) is protein deficiency where as Marasmus (bony appearance) is a severe energy and protein deficiency

Benefits of Vegetarian diets

Lower body weight and decreased incidents in high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers. May be due to high fiber and phytochemicals, low saturated fat and cholesterol.

What are the sources of animal based proteins

Meats, eggs, and dairy products.

Steps in protein digestion

Mechanical break down in the mouth, then HCL and pepsin chemically digest in the stomach, then enzymes from the pancreas and in the brush boarder break polypeptides into amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides in the small intestine.

Common sources of protein food allergies

Nuts, Peanuts, Wheat, Soy, Fish, Shell fish, Milk, and Eggs

Pescetarian

Only fish

Sources of incomplete proteins

Plant based proteins

Risk of Vegetarian diets

Protein, Vitamin B12, Calcium, Vitamin D, Iron, Zinc, Omega 3 fatty acids.

Incomplete proteins are

Proteins that are low in one or more essential amino acids.

Complete Proteins are

Proteins that contain all essential amino acids and some non essential.

Types of Vegetarians

Semi Vegetarian, Pescetarian, Lacto-ovo vegetarian, Lacto Vegetarian, and Vegan

Identify the functions of proteins in the body

Speed up chemical reactions, Structures, Some chemical signals, Transportation of substances, Movement of muscles, Immunity, Blood clotting, and Fluid balance.

How does the function of proteins relate to the structure?

Structure in the sequence of Amino acids in polypeptide chains determine the function of the protein.

Define nitrogen balance

The amount of nitrogen consumed in the diet compared with the amount excreted over a given period.

Define Peptide bond

The bond between amino acids in which the acid group of one amino acid is connected to the amine group of another amino acid

Steps in protein synthesis

The first step occurs in the nucleus where DNA is transcribed onto mRNA, then the mRNA goes out of the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, finally Transfer RNA reads the mRNA and produces the amino acid chain in translation

Define transamination

The process by which an amino group from one amino acid is transferred to a carbon compound to form a new amino acid.

Define deamination

The removal of the amino group from an amino acid.

Effects of Celiac disease

This condition results in the lumen of small intestine to flatten.

Steps in protein absorption

Transport proteins in the small intestine move products into the mucosal cells, once inside dipeptides and tripeptides are broken down into single amino acids; Amino acids pass from the mucosal cells into the blood where they travel to the liver for distribution.

Conditions where protein is broken down for energy

When we do not consume enough calories to meet needs.