Chapter 6 Operant Conditioning (Part 2)

Delayed ________ is the tendency of a reward to be _____ as a function of how far it is into the future (how long you would have to wait to obtain it.)

discounting; devalued

When extrinsic rewards have an effect on intrinsic motivation it is when the reward is _____, _____, and ______.

expected; tangible; and given for simply performing an acitivity

Shaping is the ______ creation of new behavior through reinforcement of ________ ________.

gradual; successive approximations

Extrinsic rewards usually have _____ or no effect on intrinsic motivation.

little

An example of natural reinforcer

money (a natural consequence of selling merchandise)

Natural reinforcers are ______ efficient

more

IF contrived reinforcers are used, ultimate goal is to let the ______ _______ take over at some point.

natural contingencies

The four types of contingencies

positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment

Positive reinforcement

present pleasant/rewarding stimulus following response

Positive Punishment

presents an unpleasant/ aversive stimulus and ______ a response

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

Extrinsic Reinforcement

provided by some consequence that is external to the behavior

Intrinsic reinforcement

provided by the mere act of performing the behavior

example of intrinsic reinforcement

reading textbook for the love of learning

Example of extrinsic reinforcement

reading textbook to get an "A" on exam

Negative Reinforcement

remove unpleasant/ aversive stimulus following response

Negative Punishment

removes pleasant/rewarding stimulus following response

Delayed discounting can be used as a measure of ______ and impulsivity.

self-control

Example of shaping:

teaching a dog to catch a Frisbee

________ reinforcers are an expected consequence of the behavior within that setting.

Natural; usually intrinsic

________ secondary reinforcers are reinforcing because they are associated with several other reinforcers

Generalized

which should you use whenever possible? natural or contrived reinforcers?

Natural

____ reinforcers are reinforcing because of an association with other reinforcers.

Secondary

Secondary reinforcers are also called _____ reinforcers.

conditioned

__________ reinforcers are reinforcer that have been deliberately arranged to modify a behavior; also called ______ reinforcers

contrived; artificial

Negative Punishment _____ the future strength of a response

decreases

Positive punishment _____ the future strength of a response

decreases

A more _______ reinforcer will strengthen its effect on the behavior

immediate

positive reinforcement ______ future strength of a response

increase

Negative Reinforcement _____ the future strength of that response

increases

Primary reinforcers are also called ________ reinforcers.

unconditioned