Chapter 6 Practice Quiz
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?
Edward C. Tolman
In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
acquisition
Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.
Negative reinforcement
Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.
cognitive map
Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.
conditioned response
When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.
continuous
In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.
higher order
If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.
increases
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.
latent
In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
negative reinforcement
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.
primary
In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?
punishment
To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.
CS + UCS ; continuous
Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? a) Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself. b) Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. c) Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots. d) Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it.
Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.
What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?
Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? a) fear cannot be a conditioned response b) emotion can be a conditioned response c) boys display more fear than girls d) boys display fear differently than girls
emotion can be a conditioned response
Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? a) blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room b) pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red c) rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily d) determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing
rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? a) learning b) reinforcement c) acquisition d) shaping
shaping
Which of the following is an example of observational learning? a) teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park b) learning to speak Spanish by attending Spanish class c) your brother refusing to play with you d) your father teaching you how to write by holding your hand as you form the letters
teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park
Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.
Edward C. Tolman
What is the main idea of social learning theory?
One can learn new behaviors by observing others.
Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? a) Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. b) Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. c) Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens. d) Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.
b) Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.
Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? a) knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart b) feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. c) checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification c) playing the slot machine
knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart