Chapter 6 - Protein: Amino Acids
________ are large proteins of the blood and body fluids, produced by the immune system in response to the invasion of the body by foreign molecules.
antibodies
_______ defend against disease. They have molecular _____ and build up ____ against a disease.
antibodies, memory, immunity
_______ is the body's ability to defend itself against diseases.
immunity
Most amino acids are used by the ______ _____; the unused amino acids go to the _______.
intestinal cells, liver
_________ is a form of malnutrition caused by protein deficiency in the diet, typically affecting young children in the tropics.
kwashiorkor
The ______ ______ ______ is the essential amino acid found in the shortest supply relative to the amounts needed for protein synthesis in the body.
limiting amino acid
Plant proteins have a _____ digestibility (___%), while animal proteins have a _____ digestibility (___%).
low, 70-90, high, 90-99
In complementary proteins, ___-____ proteins combine to provide adequate levels of ______ amino acids.
low-quality, essential
The limiting amino acids are _____, _____, _____, and _____.
lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan
Gene expression can be measured by the amounts of ____ in a tissue sample.
mRNA
_________ is the inactive form of pepsin and is activated by the HCl in the stomach.
pepsinogen
________ is a digestive enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds.
peptidase
________ enzymes and ______ are found in the small intestine.
peptidase, proteases
Gene expression is used to make the amount and rate of a ______ needed.
protein
The study of all proteins produced by a species is called ______.
proteomics
Sequencing errors can lead to ____-____ _____.
sickle-cell anemia
___________ is the process of messenger RNA being made from a template of DNA.
transcription
Proteins help maintain the body's ______ balance.
fluid
_______ _____ is the maintenance of the proper types and amounts of fluid in each compartment of the body fluids.
fluid balance
_______ _______ is the process by which a cell converts the genetic code into RNA and protein.
gene expression
The RDA for protein is ___g/___ of body weight/day
.8, kg
The variation in the genomes of any two person is only about ____%.
0.1
There are ____ amino acids in the body, ____ are essential and ____ are nonessential.
20, 9, 11
There are ____ chromosomes in DNA.
46
In protein foods, 1oz of meat = ___g protein. 1 cup of milk = __g protein
7, 8
If a nonessential amino acid is not readily available, cells can make it from ____ _____.
keto acid
_______ ______ is an organic acid that contains a carbonyl group.
keto acid
High protein intake increase the amount of work done by the _____. Thus, it ma increase ____ ______ in people with chronic _____ disease.
kidneys, kidney deterioration, kidney
The nitrogen balance is _____ if the body makes less than what is being broken down.
negative
______ sequences code for amino acids.
DNA
_____ ______ is the addition of a methyl group to DNA.
DNA methylation
_______ is when there is a lower-than-normal pH in the blood and body fluids.
acidosis
_______ are compounds that release H+ in a solution.
acids
_____ is when there is a higher-than-normal pH in the blood and body fluids.
alkalosis
______ _____ are the building blocks of proteins.
amino acids
_______ _______ are made of carbons, hydrogens, amino group, acid group, and a side chain.
amino acids
______ is a compound with the chemical formula NH3, produced during the deamination of amino acids.
ammonia
Two products result from the deamination of proteins: _____ and ____ _____.
ammonia, keto acid
________-_______ _____ _______ are the essential amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine, which are present in large amounts in skeletal muscle tissue, falsely promoted as fuel for exercising muscles.
branched-chain amino acids
Enzymes _____ _____, ____ ____, and _______ substances.
break down, build up, transform
______ are compounds that keep a solution's pH constant when acids or bases are added.
buffers
Proteins act as _____ when they are acid-base regulating. They attract ____ ions.
buffers, H+
When protein intake is high, _____ excretion increases. Therefore, a high protein intake may lead to ______ with age.
calcium, osteoporosis
____________ is the removal of the amino group from a compound such as an amino acid.
deamination
__________ is the change in a protein's shape and consequent loss of its function brought about by heat, agitation, acid, base, alcohol, heavy metals, or other agents.
denaturation
Stomach acid ______ proteins
denatures
A _______ is when two amino acids are bonded together.
dipeptide
Multigene disorders study the _____ and ______ of multiple genes. They are sensitive to _______ influences. An example would be ____ _____.
expression, interaction, environmental, heart disease
______ is made when energy and protein intake exceed the body's needs, and the carbohydrate intake is adequate.
fat
________ (____) is an inherited disorder characterized by failure to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine.
phenylketonuria, PKU
A ______ is when 10 or more amino acids are bonded together.
polypeptide
The nitrogen balance is ______ if the body makes more than is being broken down.
positive
The ______ ______ of a protein is determined by the sequence of amino acids. It uses _______ ________.
primary structure, chemical bonds
______ are the enzymes that hydrolyze protein
proteases
The ______ _____ of proteins is determined by the weak electrical attractions within the polypeptide chain.
secondary structure
_______ is a neurotransmitter important in sleep regulation, appetite control, and sensory perception, among other roles.
serotonin
Protein denaturation is when there is a disruption of _____. It causes the protein to _____ and lose its _____. Once it reaches a certain point, the damage is ______.
stability, uncoil, shape, irreversible
Proteins will be sacrificed to provide energy and glucose during times of _____ or ______ intake of _______.
starvation, insufficient, carbohydrates
______ collects amino acids from the cell fluid and takes them to mRNA.
tRNA
The ________ ______ of proteins occurs as long polypeptide chains twist and fold into a variety of complex. tangled shapes. It has _______ and ______ ends.
tertiary structure, hydrophobic, hydrophilic
__________ is the transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to a keto acid, producing a new nonessential amino acid and a new keto acid.
transamination
_________ is the process of messenger RNA directing the sequence of amino acids and synthesis of proteins.
translation
The vitamin niacin can be made by the amino acid _______.
tryptophan
The hormone thyroxin, which helps to regulate metabolic rate, is made from the amino acid ______.
tyrosine
The neurotransmitters epinephrine and NE are made from the amino acid ______.
tyrosine
The pigment melanin, which is responsible for brown hair, eye, and skin colour is made from the amino acid _____.
tyrosine
The liver combines NH3 and CO2 to form _____.
urea
_____ is the principal nitrogen-excretion product of protein metabolism.
urea
_______ _______ is a by-product of cheese production that is falsely promoted as increasing muscle mass.
whey protein
In the adult body, there is a _____ nitrogen balance. N ____ = N ____.
zero, in, out
______ _____ _____ is the supply of amino acids derived from either food proteins or body proteins that collect in the cells and circulating blood and stand ready to be incorporated in proteins and other compounds or used for energy.
amino acid pool
_______ are compounds that accept H+ in a solution.
bases
______ ______ are two or more dietary proteins whose amino acid assortments complement each other in such a way that the essential amino acids missing from one are supplied by the other.
complementary proteins
Protein should consist of ____% of your daily energy intake.
10-35
The liver combines _____ and _____ to form urea.
NH3, CO2
______ _____ are the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism.
anabolic reactions
Foods from ______ tend to have high-quality proteins.
animals
________ are substances that elicit the formation of antibodies or an inflammation reaction from the immune system.
antigen
Proteins participant in ____ _____ and ______.
blood clotting, vision
The liver cells release urea into the ____, where it circulates until is passes through the ______ and is then filtered out of the ____ for excretion in the ____.
blood, kidneys, blood, urine
Proteins are the building blocks for most _______ ______. Some examples would be _____, _____, and _____.
body structures, collagen, ligaments, tendons
_______ _______ are biochemical reactions that break down molecules in metabolism
catabolic reactions
Proteins are responsible for the replacement of dead or damaged ______.
cells
________ is the structural protein from which connective tissues such as scars, tendons, ligaments, and the foundations of bones and teeth are made.
collagen
________ _______ _______ _______ are amino acids that are normally nonessential, but must be supplied by the diet in special circumstances when the need for it exceeds the body's ability to make it.
conditionally essential amino acids
The amino acid pool pattern is fairly _____. It is used for ______ production and for ______; if it is stripped of _______.
constant, protein, energy, nitrogen
When plasma proteins leak out of the blood vessels and into the spaces between the cells, they attract water causing the fluid to accumulate, and cause swelling. What is this called?
edema
_______ is the swelling of body tissue caused by excessive amounts of fluid in the interstitial spaces. It is seen in ______ deficiency.
edema, protein
________ are proteins that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed in the process; protein catalysts.
enzymes
________ is the study of heritable changes in gene function that occur without a change in the DNA sequence.
epigenetics
______ _______ ____ are amino acids that the body requires but cannot make, and so must be obtained from the diet. aka. _____ amino acids
essential amino acids, indispensable
An example of a quaternary structure is ______.
hemoglobin
Proteins that act as transporters in the body include: _______, ______, and those attached to the ____ ______.
hemoglobin, lipoproteins, cell membrane
______-_____ _____ are dietary proteins containing all the essential amino acids in relatively the same amounts that human beings require. They may also contain nonessential amino acids.
high-quality proteins
The _____ ______ is the complete set of genetic material in a human being.
human genome
The ______ ______ is all of the proteins in a cell.
human proteome
In heart disease caused by proteins, a(n) _____ in animal-protein intake has shown to _____ heart disease. An elevated level of the amino acid homocysteine causes stress and inflammation levels to ____.
increase, increase, increase
The goal of nutritional genomics is to customize recommendations that fit _______ _____.
individual needs
________ is severe undernourishment that causes an infant's or child's weight to be significantly low for their age.
marasmus
The _______ is the basic substance that gives form to a developing structure; in the body, the formative cells from which the teeth and bones grow.
matrix
Hormones are _____ molecules that are transported in the ____ to target tissues.
messenger, blood
What are the nine amino acids?
methionine, phenylalanine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, valine, threonine, tryptophan
What does MP on a HILL in VTT stand for?
methionine, phenylalanine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, valine, threonine, tryptophan
________ are chemicals that are released at the end of a nerve cell when a nerve impulse arrives there. They diffuse across the synapse to the next cell and alter the membrane potential of that second cell to either inhibit or excite it.
neurotransmitters
_______ ______ is the amount of nitrogen consumed as compared with the amount of nitrogen excreted in a given period of time.
nitrogen balance
When an amino acid is deaminated, it is stripped of its ______-_____ ______ group.
nitrogen-containing amino
__________ _________ _______ are amino acids that the body can make. They are also called _____ amino acids.
nonessential amino acids, dispensable
____ ______ are the nitrogen-containing building blocks of DNA and RNA.
nucleotide bases
_______ is where genes influence activity of nutrients.
nutrigenetics
________ is where the nutrients influence gene activity.
nutrigenomics
_______ ______ is the science of how nutrients affect the activities of genes and how genes affect the activities of nutrients.
nutritional genomics
______ is a gastric enzyme that hydrolyzes protein.
pepsin
______ _____ link amino acids through condensation reactions.
peptide bonds
______ ______ is a measure of the amount of amino acids absorbed from a given protein intake.
protein digestibility
______ _______ is the degradation and synthesis of proteins.
protein turnover
_____-_____ foods, such as ____ meat and _____ meats increase the risk for cancer.
protein-rich, red, processed
If essential amino acids are missing, the body may break down some of its own _____ to obtain it.
proteins
______ are compounds composed of C, H, O, and N atoms, arranged into amino acids linked in a chain.
proteins
The _______ _____ of proteins involves the interactions between two or more polypeptides.
quaternary structure
A ________ _______ is a standard against which to measure the quality of other proteins.
reference protein