Chapter 6 PSY

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning. a. Edward C. Tolman b. Ivan Pavlov c. Rosalie Rayner d. Little Albert

a. Edward C. Tolman

Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model? a. acquisition and extinction b. latent learning and insight learning c. punishment and reinforcement d. continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement

a. acquisition and extinction

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________. a. conditioned response b. unconditioned stimulus c. unconditioned response d. conditioned stimulus

a. conditioned response

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________. a. model b. response c. stimulus d. cognition

a. model

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this? a. observational b. conditioning c. operant d. classical

a. observational

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed. a. partial b. continuous c. primary d. secondary

a. partial

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. a. primary b. secondary c. operant d. classical

a. primary

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? a. rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily b. determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing c. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room d. pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red

a. rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________. a. stimulus generalization b. extinction c. spontaneous recovery d. stimulus discrimination

a. stimulus generalization

Which of the following is an example of a reflex? a. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light b. deciding that you want to be a parent c. addressing your elders as "sir" or "ma'am" because that is how you were raised d. jumping for joy when your favorite team wins a championship

a. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning. a. Rosalie Rayner b. Ivan Pavlov c. Little Albert d. Edward C. Tolman

d. Edward C. Tolman

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. a. fixed interval map b. latent map c. fixed ratio map d. cognitive map

d. cognitive map

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? a. variable interval b. variable ratio c. fixed ratio d. fixed interval

d. fixed interval

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? a. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room b. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting c. rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables d. knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

d. knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? a. playing the slot machine b. feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. c. checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification d. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

d. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. a. processual b. instinctive c. reflexive d. associative

d. associative

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? a. boys display fear differently from girls b. fear cannot be a conditioned response c. boys display more fear than girls d. emotion can be a conditioned response

d. emotion can be a conditioned response

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________. a. reflexes b. learning c. conditioning d. instincts

d. instincts

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. a. negative punishment b. positive punishment c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement

d. negative reinforcement

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this? a. imitation b. modeling c. classical conditioning d. operant conditioning

d. operant conditioning

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? a. learning b. reinforcement c. acquisition d. shaping

d. shaping

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? a. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens. b. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. c. Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast. d. Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground.

b. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning? a. One can learn new behaviors by observing others. b. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. c. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. d. Fear is a conditioned response.

b. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct? a. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. b. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. c. He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex. d. His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

b. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? a. Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it. b. Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them. c. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself. d. Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom.

b. Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them.

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________. a. after dreaming they were on television b. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character c. after seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character d. after dreaming about having a fight with their parents

b. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________. a. higher-order conditioning b. stimulus discrimination c. operant conditioning d. stimulus generalization

b. stimulus discrimination

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with "little Albert"? a. It did not use multiple pairings of an UCS with a NS. b. It would be unethical by today's research standards. c. The provided no compensation to Albert's mother for his participation in the study. d. They did not have the permission of Albert's mother to conduct the research.

b. It would be unethical by today's research standards.

According to psychologist ________ classical conditioning is effective because of the ability of a person or animal to predict the relationship between the UCS and the CS. a. Garcia b. Rescorla c. Koelling d. Thorndike

b. Rescorla

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? a. secondary b. continuous c. primary d. partial

b. continuous

The ________ theory explains that the immediate associations involved in a conditioned taste aversion are a result of adaptation that helps us learn to avoid foods that are potentially harmful. a. behavioral b. evolutionary c. the cognitive d. social learning

b. evolutionary

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. a. acquisition b. extinction c. learning d. conditioning

b. extinction

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. a. partial b. latent c. primary d. conditioned

b. latent

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________. a. instinctive b. learned c. reactive d. reflexive

b. learned

After a hurricane warning came across the television, young Eli became terrified of the alarm sound that signaled a severe weather warning. Over the next few months he heard it several times when the "required monthly tests" came on the television, and his fear faded away. One day the alarm sounded and Eli jumped up and ran out of the room. This return of a previously extinguished response is called ________. a. operant conditioning b. spontaneous recovery c. latent learning d. second-level conditioning

b. spontaneous recovery

What is the main idea of social learning theory? a. Fear is a conditioned response. b. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. c. One can learn new behaviors by observing others. d. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

c. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. a. neutral response and a conditioned response b. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response c. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus d. neutral stimulus and a neutral response

c. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Which of the following is an example of instinct? a. a teacher demonstrating algebra to students b. believing that nudity is wrong c. baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked d. a toddler who is being toilet trained by her parents.

c. baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? a. reflexes b. instincts c. learning d. conditioning

c. learning

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable ratio d. variable interval

c. variable ratio