chapter 6 psychology

when a child misbehaves, a parent can take away a favorite toy. In this case, a stimulus (the toy) is removed in order to decrease the behavior.

negative punishment

you remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior.

negative punishment

an undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior.

negative reinforcement

seatbelt systems, which go "beep, beep, beep" until you fasten your seatbelt.

negative reinforcement

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.

neutral stimulus

According to Bandura, learning can occur by watching others and then modeling what they do or say. This is known as _____________

observational learning.

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.

occurs as a result of experience

always decreases a behavior.

positive punishment

scolding a student to get the student to stop texting in class. In this case, a stimulus (the reprimand) is added in order to decrease the behavior (texting in class).

positive punishment

a desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior.

positive reinforcement

you tell your five-year-old son, Jerome, that if he cleans his room, he will get a toy.

positive reinforcement

Say that Manuel is the manager at a fast-food restaurant. Every once in a while someone from the quality control division comes to Manuel's restaurant. If the restaurant is clean and the service is fast, everyone on that shift earns a $20 bonus. Manuel never knows when the quality control person will show up, so he always tries to keep the restaurant clean and ensures that his employees provide prompt and courteous service. His productivity regarding prompt service and keeping a clean restaurant are steady because he wants his crew to earn the bonus.

variable interval reinforcement schedule

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Who proposed observational learning?

Albert Bandura

In classical conditioning, also known as

Pavlovian conditioning

________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.

negative punishment

Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which the motivation for a behavior happens ____ the behavior is demonstrated.

after

There are specific steps in the process of modeling that must be followed if learning is to be successful. These steps include

attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Both _____________________ are forms of associative learning where associations are made between events that occur together.

classical and operant conditioning

In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.

classical conditioning

three main types of learning:

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.

Pavlov's experiments explored the type of associative learning we now call

classical conditioning.

Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

In Pavlov's work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________.

conditioned responses

All punishment (positive or negative) __________ the likelihood of a behavioral response.

decreases

June undergoes major surgery in a hospital. During recovery, she is expected to experience pain and will require prescription medications for pain relief. June is given an IV drip with a patient-controlled painkiller. Her doctor sets a limit: one dose per hour. June pushes a button when pain becomes difficult, and she receives a dose of medication. Since the reward (pain relief) only occurs on a fixed interval, there is no point in exhibiting the behavior when it will not be rewarded.

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

Carla sells glasses at an eyeglass store, and she earns a commission every time she sells a pair of glasses. She always tries to sell people more pairs of glasses, including prescription sunglasses or a backup pair, so she can increase her commission. She does not care if the person really needs the prescription sunglasses, Carla just wants her bonus

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule,

All reinforcement (positive or negative) ________________ the likelihood of a behavioral response.

increases

Instincts and reflexes are ______________ —they occur naturally and do not involve learning.

innate behaviors

_____________ is a change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience.

learning

Observational learning is just as it sounds:

learning by observing others.

The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.

model

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.

shaping

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.

stimulus generalization

Extinction occurs when ________.

the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus