Chapter 6 Psychology

Explain organization of information in long-term memory with examples.

The information in long-term memory is well organized since we categorize them into hierarchy structure. We are more likely to recall the correct information. Our memory is organized to a remarkably complex filing system that has a certain internal logic. Some examples include rats and cats being placed in an animal section, and oaks and maples being placed into a tree section.

Explain the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon in long-term memory.

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved. This is also called the feeling-of-knowing experience. You may not know the exact answer, but you may know something because the learning of the topic is incomplete.

With well-known information such as our names and occupations, retrieval is effortless and rapid.

True

Which of the following is true about the storage of information in long-term memory?

We tend to organize information in order of their hierarchy.

Jason, straining his eyes on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant landmarks to the harbor entrance; he is trying to create a mental picture of all the names. He is using__________.

a-visual-code

__________ is the first stage of information processing.

Encoding

The human ability to store information is limited.

False

__________is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so.

Infantile-amnesia

_________ are nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall.

Paired associates

__________of stored information means locating it and returning it to consciousness.

Retrieval

_________ is the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma.

Retrograde amnesia

__________is the type or stage of memory that is first encountered by a stimulus.

Sensory-memory

Explain serial-positioning effect in short-term memory.

Serial-positioning effect is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series. The items that are performed last or most recently are better remembered in short-term memory because they serve as the visual or auditory boundaries for the other information.

If the___________ is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories.

thalamus

Which of the following is true about elaborative rehearsal?

It involves extending the semantic meaning of the letters that need to be remembered.

Which of the following statements is true about a schema?

It is a way of mentally representing the world that can influence perceptions.

Which of the following statements is true about explicit memory?

It is the memory of things that are clearly stated or explained.

Method of savings is a measure of retention in which the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to re-learn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed is calculated.

True

A(n)__________is a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information.

chunk

After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she combined the digits into smaller groups of three each. This process is called__________.

chunking

The term _________ in memory theory, means to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information.​

displace

At a painting exhibition, Martha had admired a painting that depicted a farm. Half an hour later, when she was having lunch with a friend, Martha was able to recall several details depicted in the painting. She remembered correctly the colors that were used, the animals that were drawn, and even the number of trees in the painting. Martha's ability to remember these details would be known as__________.

eidetic-imagery

A(n)__________is a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory.

icon

The enhanced efficiency in a synapse after brief rapid stimulation that makes up learning is called__________.

long-term-potentiation

Once we have learned the multiplication tables, the recall of six times six is relatively automatic due to__________.

priming

Studies involving brain imaging reveal that _____ makes it possible for people to carry out mental tasks with less neural activity.​

priming

Jonah loves learning new languages. In high-school, he learned French and in college, he learned Italian. Sometimes, when he has a problem remembering Italian words, French words come to mind instead. This is an example of _____.​

proactive interference

A(n)__________is a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation, which can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations.

schema

When we look at a visual stimulus, our impressions of it may seem fluid enough. This is because _____.

sensory memory briefly holds perceptions, making them seem connected

The__________is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved.

tip-of-the-tongue-phenomenon

_________ is the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli.​

​Echoic memory

_________ is the memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs.​

​Prospective memory

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _____.​

​determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory

Using the phrase "Elvis's Guitar Broke Down on Friday" to remember the lines (EGBDF) in a musical treble clef is an example of _____.​

​elaborative rehearsal

Katie is a very skilled in-line skater and a tap dancer. Her skills are a part of her _____.​

​implicit memory

To remember the names of all the countries in Asia, Jennifer is mentally repeating all the country names several times. This scenario illustrates _____.​

​maintenance rehearsal

Sarah remembers that she has to pack her suitcase and has to lock all the windows and doors before she leaves for her vacation the next day. Her memory about activities that need to be performed in the future would be known as _____.​

​prospective memory

In Freud's psychodynamic theory, _________ is the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness.

​repression

Christopher knows a lot of facts about the planet earth. He knows that the circumference of the earth is 40,030 km even though he did not personally measure the circumference of the earth. This knowledge is referred to as _____.​

​semantic memory

General knowledge is referred to as _________.​

​semantic memory

The _________ is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series.

​serial-position effect

While watching a comedy show, Amanda remembered many funny incidents from her own college life. This is an example of _____.​

​state-dependent memory