Chapter 6 Review

Retroactive Interference

new learning interferes with the retrieval of old learning ex. in psychology new concepts are constantly being added which affects my ability to recall concepts learned in previous chapters.

Proactive Interference

older learning interferes with the capacity to retrieve more recently learned material. Ex:Remembering my mother's new phone number becomes more difficult because I had already memorized her first phone number.

Which of the following is true about maintenance rehearsal?

It involves mentally repeating a list or saying the information to oneself.

Porsha just got a new password to access her bank account: 628fbi. She repeats the code over and over, using _____ to remember it.

Maintenance Rehearsal

Context-Dependent Memory

improved recall of information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same. ex. forget what I was going to do when I walk into a new room so I go back to the previous room that I was in to remember.

Dana always hears stories about how extravagantly her first birthday was celebrated, but she is unable to recall the events of that day. Dana's inability to recall the events of her first birthday is known as _________.

infantile amnesia

Short-term memory is also known as semantic memory.

False

The thalamus is a structure of the limbic system that is involved in the storage of memories and does not become mature until we are about two years old.

False

When you store information by mentally repeating it, this memory process is called elaborative rehearsal.

False

The flow of visual information seems smooth and continuous because of __________ memory, which can hold visual stimuli for up to a second.

Iconic

Mario must remember the planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Mario uses the first letter of each word (MVEMJSUNP) to make a sentence: "My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nine Pickles." To remember the planets Mario is using _____.

Mnemonic

Federico's son is 2 years old and is trying to learn how to tie his shoelaces. Federico knows how to tie the laces, but is having a hard time explaining the steps to his son. Federico is struggling with describing his _____ memory of how to tie shoes.

Procedural

Remembering what you had for dinner is an example of __________ memory.

Semantic

Dr. Doherty conducts research in which he asks his participants to look at slides that contain arrays of objects, after which he tests their memory of the objects on the slides. The participants are allowed to view the slides for no more than two seconds. What type of memory is Dr. Doherty testing?

Sensory Memory

Dana can only remember the first few and the last few items on her grocery list. Which of the following is this an example of?

The serial-position effect

State-Dependent Memory

The theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind. is the improved recall of information when a person's physical or mental state is the same at encoding and retrieval.

Episodic memory is also referred to as autobiographical memory because they are memories of the things that happen to us or take place in our presence.

True

Memory may be defined as the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

True

Short-term memory and working memory mean the same thing.

True

In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a film of an automobile accident, then answered a series of questions, including one asking them to estimate the speed of the cars. What factor affected the subjects' estimate of how fast the cars in the film were traveling?

Whether the words used in the question suggested greater speeds (e.g. contacted vs. smashed).

flashbulb memories

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event ex. high school graduation

How long can information be stored in short-term memory without being rehearsed?

about 12 seconds

The capacity of short-term memory is approximately:

about 7 items at one time.

Clive is a man who can only remember about 7 seconds at a time. He feels as though he is constantly "awakening for the first time" and can't remember new information. These symptoms can be explained by his dense _____, caused by damage to his _____.

anterograde amnesia; hippocampus

Suggestibility. False memory

one is more inclined to accept or fill gaps in their memories with false information because of the suggestions of others and False memory is when someone recalls something that didn't happen or recalls it differently from what actually happened. Example: When I was very young my brother put his hand on my head and told me it was a spider which made me tell others a story about how I had a spider on my head. An example of a false memory would be me leaving the car door open when I thought that I had closed it.

London learned how to play racquetball prior to learning how to play tennis. Because of this, her tennis game has never been that good. The difficulty stems from __________. serial-position effect

proactive interference

Essay tests are examples of _________.

recall

General knowledge is referred to as __________.

semantic memory

In the context of neural activity and memory, the brain stores parts of memories in the appropriate areas of the __________.

sensory cortex