Chapter 6: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood

authoritative parenting

A parenting style in which parents encourage their children to be independent but still pace limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warn and nurturant toward the child. Authoritative parenting is associated with children's social competence.

sensorimotor play

Behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemes.

Relationship between Erik Erikson's third stage and the development of the self-concept

Erikson's third stage is initiative and guilt. this can only happen after child has developed self concept.

pretense/symbolic play

Play in which the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol.

constructive play

Play that combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas. Constructive play occurs when children engage in self-regulated creation of construction of a product or problem solution.

practice play

Play that involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.

social play

Play that involves social interactions with peers.

Define moral development in the young child

moral development involves thoughts, feelings, and actions regarding rules and regulations about what people should do in their interactions with others. Piaget proposed cognitive changes in children's moral reasoning.

Gender

1. Social influences: a.social theories of gender; b.psychoanalytic theory of gender; c.social cognitive theory of gender. 2. Parental influences 3. Peer influences 4. Cognitive influences

contemporary types of play

1. sensorimotor and practice play 2. pretense/symbolic play 3. social play 4. constructive play 5. game

authoritarian parenting

A restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and to respect work and effort. The authoritarian parent places firm limits and controls on the child and allows little verbal exchange. Authoritarian parenting is associated with children's social incompetence.

indulgent parenting

A style of parenting in which parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them. Indulgent parenting is associated with children's social incompetence especially a lack of self-control.

neglectful parenting

A style of parenting in which the parent is very uninvolved in the child's life; it is associated with children's social incompentence, especially a lack of self-control

psychoanalytic theory of gender

A theory deriving from Freud's view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent, by approximately 5 or 6 years of age renounces this attractions because of anxious feelings, and subsequently identifies with the same-sex parent, unconsciously adopting the same sex parent's characteristics.

social cognitive theory of gender

A theory emphasizing that children's gender development occurs through the observation and imitation of gender behavior and through the rewards and punishments children experiences for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior

social role theory

A theory that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women

games

Activities engaged in for pleasure that include rules and often involve competition between two or more individuals.

four styles of parenting

Authoritarian; authoritative; neglectful; indulgent

moral development

Development that involves thoughts, feelings, and actions regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people.

Pros and cons of punishment

PROS: Child knows expectations Having clear boundaries creates a sense of security and stability CONS: Child may imitate this instill fear, rage, avoidance only tell children what not to do rather than what to do could lead to abusive

Piaget

Preoperational: 1st substage: symbolic function substage; 2nd substage: intuitive thought substage

gender roles

Sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel.

self-understanding

The child's cognitive representation of self, the substance and content of the child's self-conceptions.

immanent justice

The expectation that, if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately.

heteronormous morality

The first stage of moral development in Piaget's theory; occurring from approximately 4 to 7 years of age. Justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, beyond the control of people.

gender identity

The sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by the time they are 3 years old

gender schema theory

The theory that gender typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture.

autonomous morality

The third stage of moral development in Piaget's theory; displayed by older children (about 10 years of age and older). The child becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people and, in judging an action, one should consider the actor's intentions as well as the consequences.

Moral reasoning:

heteronomous morality ( 4-7yrs, rules unchangeable,also relives in immanent) in a period of transition (7-10yrs) autonomous morality(10yrs+, aware, consider intention,consequences)

Parten's six stages of play

unoccupied, solitary, onlooker, parallel, associative, cooperative

development during early childhood of emotional regulation, focusing on how it is determined by both nature and nurture

young chiuldren's range of emotions expands during early childhood as they increasingly experience self-conscious emotions, such as pride, shame and guilt. both nature and nurture play roles on the development of emotional regulation. Nature: gene; Nurture: Environments