Chapter 6 - Somatic Symptom and Dissociative Disorders

post-traumatic stress disorder

A disorder that has high comorbidity with DID is _____.

alternate personality.

A person diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder may have several alters. An alter is a(n):

The individual must perform excessive health related behaviors.

According to DSM-5, which of the following is a diagnostic criterion for illness anxiety disorder?

psychogenic; organic

Amnesia is categorized as either _____ or _____.

25-45

Amnesia is frequently seen in murder cases with _____ percent of people arrested for homicide claiming to have amnesia.

illness anxiety disorder

Bertram has spent years being concerned about his health even though he has no symptoms or pain. Several years ago, he read an article on tumors and became preoccupied with thoughts about getting a tumor. He rarely seeks medical help and in fact avoids doctors and hospitals. Bertram is most likely experiencing a(n) _____.

somatic symptom disorder

Bethany is experiencing dizziness, head pain and numbness in her lower limbs all with no apparent medical reason. Bethany is most likely experiencing a(n) _____.

Korsakoff's syndrome

Brian has a history of drinking heavily before going to bed. One morning his family accused him of kicking the dog, breaking several dishes, and being verbally abusive. Brown says he has no memory of the incident. Most likely Brown's memory loss is related to _____.

factitious disorder

Candice faked her symptoms to gain medical attention. She exaggerated her symptoms to the point that exploratory surgery was conducted. Candice most likely has a _____.

challenging the client's maladaptive interpretations of physical symptoms and teaching them techniques for appropriate interpretations.

Cognitive therapies for somatization disorder focus on:

sensory and motor deficits.

Conversion disorder is usually characterized by:

possession

DSM-5 has added the words _____ to the DID criterion A. This makes the criteria more applicable to diverse cultural groups and is related to why some studies suggest that Latinos may be more likely than other ethnic groups to experience dissociative symptoms in response to traumas.

experiences in which the person feels detached from his/her mental processes or body.

Depersonalization disorder is characterized by:

multiple personality disorder

Dissociative identity disorder was formerly known as _____.

ataque de nervios

Dissociative symptoms may be part of the syndrome of _____, a culturally accepted reaction to stress among Latinos.

derealization disorder.

Experiences of unreality or detachment with respect to surroundings are typical of individuals diagnosed with:

Munchhausen's syndrome

Factitious disorders are also referred to as _____.

female relatives; male relatives

Family studies suggest that somatic symptom and pain disorders run primarily among _____ and _____ have higher rates of alcoholism

weave our experiences together so seamlessly that we do not notice any division between them.

For most people, the active mode and receptive mode:

the transfer of psychic energy attached to repressed emotions or memories into physical symptoms.

Freud and his contemporaries viewed conversion symptoms as results of:

cognitive tasks

Freyd and colleagues (2007) suggest that individuals who dissociate from, and forget, their abusive experiences are most likely to perform differently from other individuals on _____ that require divided attention.

cognitive

Herman has been diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder. He often misinterprets his bodily symptoms that results in increased heart rate, rapid breathing, and dizziness. He states regularly, "If the pain doesn't stop soon, it will probably cause damage to the other parts of my body." Herman is most likely catastrophizing his symptoms. This maladaptive way of thinking is linked with the _____ theoretical perspective.

active mode; receptive mode

In Hilgard's study on the "hidden observer" phenomenon, he argued that there are two modes of consciousness: the _____ and _____.

the persecutor

In dissociative identity disorder, an alter that inflicts pain or punishment on the other personalities by engaging in self-mutilative behaviors (such as self-cutting or self-burning) and suicide attempts is called _____.

more likely to remain relatively free from the dissociative identity disorder symptoms and reduce their use of medications.

In the case of dissociative identity disorder, patients who are able to integrate their personalities are:

B. The attention and sympathy received as a result of the conversion symptoms

In the context of the theories of conversion disorder, which of the following best describes secondary gain? A. The reduction in anxiety as a result of the symptoms of conversion B. The attention and sympathy received as a result of the conversion symptoms C. The lack of concern or distress in the wake of a traumatic event D. The hysteria that comes with the repression of agonizing memories

behavioral therapies

In the treatment of somatic symptom and pain disorder, _____ attempt to determine and eliminate the reinforcements individuals receive for their symptoms, while increasing positive rewards for healthy behavior.

A. United States

In which of the following countries is dissociative identity disorder diagnosed most frequently? A. United States B. Great Britain C. Japan D. India

glove anesthesia; conversion disorder

Jaclyn has been complaining for several weeks that she has lost all feeling in her right hand. Her physical exam revealed no nerve damage. However, Jaclyn insists that something is wrong because she feels as though she has on a tight glove. Jaclyn is mostly experiencing _____ associated with _____ disorder.

experience autobiographical memory loss.

Janet has been diagnosed with dissociative fugue. She is typically likely to:

anterograde

Karen had a hiking accident that resulted in head trauma. She now has difficulty remembering new information. Karen's amnesia would be categorized as _____.

global retrograde amnesia associated with severe alcohol consumption.

Korsakoff's syndrome is characterized by:

create a false memory

Loftus's "lost at the mall" studies showed how easy it is to _____.

conversion

Lorna found her husband dead in their bedroom. He had been shot in the chest. After this incident, Lorna has been unable to see. Most likely Lorna is exhibiting a symptom of _____ disorder.

dissociative identity disorder

Lucas reported to his therapist that he hears several voices in his head. Each voice seems different from his, and they seem to talk to each other. Lucas' symptoms seem representative of _____.

hypnosis will "create" memories through the power of suggestion.

Many courts deny the use of hypnosis in the case of dissociative amnesia because of the possibility that:

somatic symptom disorder

Marcus spends a lot of time at doctors dealing with his pain in his side. He has had several gastrointestinal tests as well as other diagnostic tests and the doctors can find nothing to explain his pain. He spends much time worrying about his mystery pain and is anxious that it is something serious. Marcus is most likely experiencing a(n) _____.

retrograde

Marsha has dementia. It is becoming increasingly difficulty for her to remember her past. Sometimes she forgets her children's names. Marsha's amnesia would be categorized as _____.

factitious disorder by proxy

Mary created an illness in her younger daughter to draw attention to herself. This is known as a _____.

3

Memories formed before the age of _____ tend to be sketchy.

amnesias are being faked by people to escape punishment for crimes committed.

One complication that arises in diagnosing amnesias is the possibility that:

anterograde amnesia

Organic amnesia often involves the inability to remember new information, known as _____.

D. psychotic disorders

People diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder frequently have periods of all of the following EXCEPT _____. A. substance abuse B. depression C. anxiety D. psychotic disorders

True

People who develop dissociative identity disorder tend to be highly suggestible and hypnotizable (T/F)

they have difficulty believing that something is wrong with them psychologically.

People with conversion disorder can be difficult to treat because

have an inability to cope with distress or trauma in adaptive ways.

People with conversion disorder:

dissociative amnesia

Repressed memories represent a form of _____.

anterograde amnesia

Robert has an accident when he is out trekking with his friends. He cannot recall anything that happened just before slipping and hitting his head on a boulder. He most likely has _____.

somatic symptom disorder

Sherry believes that she has a serious illness. She has had a headache for several days with no relief from traditional over-the-counter medicines. Her visit to the doctor revealed no organic reason for the headaches. Unsatisfied with the results, she goes to several other medical professionals for treatment. Sherry is most likely suffering from a(n) _____.

dissociation

Somatic symptoms and dissociative disorders are considered by some theorists to be the result of a psychological process known as _____, in which different parts of an individual's identity, memories, or consciousness split off from one another.

Latinos

Some studies suggest that _____ may be more likely than other ethnic groups to experience dissociative symptoms in response to traumas.

dissociative fugue

Steven left his home abruptly without taking any of his belongings. He relocated to a nearby town. Several months later he returned to his old home with no memory of his absence. Steven would most likely be diagnosed with _____.

post-traumatic stress disorder and somatic symptom disorder

Studies of refugees who fled to the United States found that these groups often had:

somatic symptom disorders

The _____ are a group of disorders in which people experience significant physical symptoms for which there is no apparent organic cause.

the conscious state of mind that includes a person's conscious plans and desires and voluntary actions.

The active mode in Hilgard's study referred to:

Pierre Janet

The idea that dissociation is a process in which systems of ideas are split off from consciousness but are accessible through dreams and hypnosis was conceptualized by _____.

retrograde amnesia

The inability to remember information from the past is known as _____.

people with dissociative fugue typically leave home and create a new life for themselves in another area, while people with dissociative amnesia do not take flight and create new identities.

The main difference between the amnesia in dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue is that:

have frequent and distressing depersonalization episodes that disrupt functioning.

To receive a diagnosis of derealization disorder, the person must:

being lost at the mall

To test how easy it is to create a false memory, Loftus designed a series of studies around _____.

actually leaves the scene of the trauma or stress.

Unlike a person with dissociative identity disorder, a person in a fugue state:

dissociative fugue

Verna has no idea how she ended up in her current surroundings. She feels comfortable, and is not bothered by the fact that she cannot remember her past. Most likely, Verna is experiencing a(n) _____.

has physical symptoms

Vickianna's doctor is trying to distinguish between illness anxiety disorder and somatic symptom disorder. According to the DSM-5, to make the distinction he should be determine if Vickianna _____.

pseudocyesis

When a woman believes she is pregnant but physical examination and laboratory tests show negative results this syndrome is called _____.

schizophrenia

When people with dissociative identity disorder report hearing voices talking inside their heads, they may be misdiagnosed as having _____.

their personal identities.

When retrograde amnesia is due to organic causes, people will typically remember:

A. The helper

Which of the following alters found in dissociative identity disorder offers advice to the other personalities or performs behaviors the host is unable to handle? A. The helper B. The host C. The persecutor D. The child

Somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder

Which of the following disorders may appear similar in their presentation? A. Somatic symptom disorder and dissociative identity disorder B. Somatic symptom disorder and conversion disorder C. Somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder D. Somatic symptom disorder and body dysmorphic disorder

A. Dissociative identity disorder

Which of the following dissociative disorders is characterized by a person developing one or more distinct personalities? A. Dissociative identity disorder B. Dissociative fugue C. Dissociative amnesia D. Depersonalization disorder

B. There was no such diagnostic category in the DSM-II

Which of the following explains why dissociative identity disorder was not diagnosed before 1980? A. The symptoms were rarely reported prior to 1980 B. There was no such diagnostic category in the DSM-II C. The disorder lacked empirical evidence until after 1980 D. No DSM existed prior to 1980

C. Ellen appears to have alternate personalities that are extremely different from each other.

Which of the following individuals is most likely to receive a diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder? A. Shiloh makes repetitive strange utterances and movements as if in a trance. B. Jack often wanders away from his home and can't recall anything he does during those periods. C. Ellen appears to have alternate personalities that are extremely different from each other. D. Ronald often inflicts self-injuries and turns up at hospitals.

B. As a strategy to cope with traumas

Which of the following is a reason an individual may develop dissociative identity disorder? A. Inability to control their behavior B. As a strategy to cope with traumas C. In order to gain attention for themselves D. Constant preoccupation with illness

B. Helping the client work through the trauma to integrate all the alternative personalities into one coherent personality

Which of the following is a treatment goal for dissociative identity disorder? A. Identifying ways to help clients create a hierarchy of traumatic experiences and learning relaxation techniques to handle the stressors B. Helping the client work through the trauma to integrate all the alternative personalities into one coherent personality C. Identifying the traumatic experience and implementing behavior modification to reward or punish the alters D. Helping the host concentrate on health-enhancing behaviors using exercise and dietary supplements

C. The persecutor

Which of the following is considered to be the most dangerous alter found in dissociative identity disorder? A. The helper B. The host C. The persecutor D. The child

D. The child

Which of the following is the most common alter found in dissociative identity disorder? A. The helper B. The host C. The persecutor D. The child

B. Chronic physical or sexual abuse during childhood

Which of the following is the most common contributor to dissociative identity disorder? A. Genetic predisposition to the disorder B. Chronic physical or sexual abuse during childhood C. Low socioeconomic family status D. Being diagnosed with several other disorders

C. People diagnosed with DID claim to have significant periods of amnesia.

Which of the following is true of dissociative identity disorder (DID)? A. The host is always in control of the other alters. B. The alters in DID have no awareness of each other. C. People diagnosed with DID claim to have significant periods of amnesia. D. Persecutor alters are often responsible for switching between personalities.

C. Organic amnesia is caused by brain injury.

Which of the following is true of organic amnesia? A. Organic amnesia is often caused by psychosocial factors. B. Organic amnesia typically involves anterograde and retrograde amnesia. C. Organic amnesia is caused by brain injury. D. Organic amnesia results from early childhood unconscious conflicts.

C. The person may have a real physical problem that is difficult to detect

Which of the following represents one of the difficulties in diagnosing somatic symptom disorders? A. The person is probably faking the symptoms B. The person has difficulty pinpointing the physical discomfort C. The person may have a real physical problem that is difficult to detect D. The person does not consciously produce or control the symptoms

B. Conversion disorder

Which of the following somatic symptom disorders is considered to be the most dramatic due to symptoms like, blindness, seizures, loss or hearing, and mutism? A. Pain disorder B. Conversion disorder C. Somatization disorder D. Hypochondriasis

C. Emotional stressors can inhibit the circuits between the sensorimotor areas of the brain and areas involved in emotions, causing a loss of sensation or motor control.

Which of the following statements is true of conversion disorder? A. Research studies have shown that people with conversion symptoms are not hypnotizable. B. The symptoms of conversion disorder are usually clear-cut and hence there is little room for misdiagnosis. C. Emotional stressors can inhibit the circuits between the sensorimotor areas of the brain and areas involved in emotions, causing a loss of sensation or motor control. D. Physiological tests often give definitive proof that a person's symptoms do not have physical causes.

A. The conversion symptom develops after a trauma or psychological stressor.

Which of the following statements is true of conversion disorder? A. The conversion symptom develops after a trauma or psychological stressor. B. Conversion disorder is quite common, with a high lifetime prevalence rate. C. Loss of bodily functioning in conversion disorder is due to subconscious processes. D. Conversion disorder typically involves multiple symptoms during a single episode of conversion.

D. It involves memory loss that is limited to personal information.

Which of the following statements is true of psychogenic amnesia? A. It often involves anterograde amnesia. B. It typically involves the inability to remember new information. C. It involves a generalized loss of memory for the past. D. It involves memory loss that is limited to personal information.

D. Older adults are more likely to report multiple somatic symptoms than middle-aged adults.

Which of the following statements is true of somatic symptom disorder in the U.S.? A. Children rarely complain of somatic symptoms. B. Adolescents are the most common group to be diagnosed with the disorder. C. Middle-aged adults are more likely to report somatic symptoms than older adults. D. Older adults are more likely to report multiple somatic symptoms than middle-aged adults.

C. Studies have shown that changes in the symptoms of people with somatic symptom disorder mirror their emotional well-being.

Which of the following statements is true of somatic symptom disorder? A. Moderate degrees of somatic symptoms are common and quite a few people meet the diagnostic criteria for somatic symptom disorder. B. Somatic symptom disorder tends to be a short-term problem and symptoms disappear soon after they become apparent. C. Studies have shown that changes in the symptoms of people with somatic symptom disorder mirror their emotional well-being. D. A loss of functioning in a part of the body can be the person's only complaint in somatic symptom disorder.

C. Hypnosis

Which of the following techniques is heavily used to contact alters in the case of dissociative identity disorder? A. Channeling B. Dream analysis C. Hypnosis D. Memory exercises

psychodynamic

Which treatment focuses on helping clients recall events and memories that may have triggered their somatization symptoms?

Behavioral treatments

_____ for conversion disorder focus on relieving the person's anxiety around the initial trauma that caused the conversion symptoms and on reducing any benefits the person is receiving from the conversion symptoms.

Illness anxiety disorder

_____ was formerly known as hypochondriasis.

deficit in the ability to learn new information

anterograde amnesia

syndrome marked by a sudden loss of functioning in a part of the body, usually following an extreme psychological stressor

conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder)

syndrome marked by frequent episodes of feeling detached from one's own body and mental processes, as if one were an outside observer of oneself; symptoms must cause significant distress or interference with one's ability to function

depersonalization/derealization disorder

process whereby different facets of an individual's sense of self, memories, or consciousness beome slit off from one another

dissociation

loss of memory for important facts about a persn's own life and personal identiy, usually including the awareness of this memory loss

dissociative amnesia

disorder in which a person moves away and assmes a new identity, with amnesia for the previous identity

dissociative fugue

syndrome in which a person develops more than one distinct identity or personality, each of which can have distinct facial and verbal expressions, gestures, inter-personal styles, attitudes, and even physiological responses

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

disorder marked by deliberately faking physical or mental illness to gain medical attention

factitious disorder

disorder in which the individual creates an illness in another individual in order to gain attention

factitious disorder by proxy

a form of anxiety characterized by a preoccupation with fears of having a serious medical illness based on mininterpretations of bodily sensations (formerly called hypochondriasis)

illness anxiety disorder

feigning of a symptom or a disorder for the purpose of avoiding an unwanted situation, such as military service

malingering

loss of memory causedby the brain injuy resulting from diease, drugs, accidents (blows to the head), or surgery

organic amnesia

loss of memory in the absence any brain injury or disease and thought to have psychological causes

psychogenic amnesia

deficit in the ability to recal previously learned information or past events

retrograde amnesia

syndrome marked by health concerns that are excessive given actual physical health, that persist despite contrary evidence, and that interfere with daily functioning

somatic symptom disorders