Chapter 6

Sublimation

A physical change from the solid directly into the gaseous state.

Digital imaging

A process through which a picture is converted nto a series of squares electronic dots known as pixels; the picture is manipulated by computer softweare that changes the numerical value of each pixel

Physical Developer.

A silver nitrate based reagent formulated to develop latent fingerprints on porous surfaces.

Pixel

A square electronic dot that is sued to compose a digital image.

Anthropometry

A system of identification of individuals by measurement of parts of the body, developed by Alphonse Bertillon

Iodine fuming

A technique for visualizing latent fingerprints by exposing's them to iodine vapors. It is the oldest chemical method.

Each skin ridge is populated by a single row of ----- that are opening for ducts leading from the sweat glands.

Pores

In 1973, The International Association for Identification, after a 3 year study concluded that "no valid basis exists for requiring a predetermined minimum number of friction ridge characteristics which must be present in two impressions in order to establish...."

Positive identification.

A fingerprint classification system cannot in itself unequivocally ------ an individual; it merely provides the fingerprint examiner with a number of candidates, all of whom have an indistinguishable set of prints in the system's file.

identify

Although digital imagine is undoubtedly and effective tool for enhancing and analyzing images, it is only as useful as the ------- it has to work with.

images.

Although ridge patters impart class characteristics to a print, the type and position of ridge characteristics give it its...?

individual character.

Prints on large immovable objects that have been developed with powder can best ve preserved by...?

lifitn.

Today the fingerprint is the ----- of modern criminal identification.

pillar.

What are the two categories of arches?

plain and tented

What are the four whorl groups?

plain whorl central pocket whorl double whorl accidental whorl

if an imaginary line drawn between the two deltas contained within these two patterns touches any one of the spiral ridges, the patter is a....?

plain whorl.

what are type lines?

The pattern area of the loop that is surrounded by two diverging ridges

The reasons why latent prints are visualized by iodine vapors are not yet fully...?

understood.

Plastic Print

A fingerprint impressed in a soft surface.

Latent Fingerprint

A fingerprint made by the deposit of oils and or perspiration; it is invisible to the naked eye.

Visible print

A fingerprint made when the finger deposits a visible material such as ink, dirt or blood onto a surface.

Ninhydrin

A chemical reagent used to develop latent fingerprints on porous materials by reacting with amino acids in perspiration. It is commonly applied from an aerosol can.

loop

A class of fingerprints characterized by ridge lines that enter from one side of the pattern and curve around to exit from the same side of the pattern

arch

A class of fingerprints characterized by ridge lines that enter the print from one side and flow out the other side.

whorl

A class of fingerprints that includes ridge patterns that are generally rounded or circular in shape and have two deltas.

What did Dr. Juan Vucetich an argentinian police officer devise in 1891?

A classification system

When using ninhydrin, prints will begin to appear after?

1 or two hours however for weaker prints it may take 24-48 hours.

For this to happen, such a wound would have to penetrate -------- beneath the skin's surface.

1 to 2 millimeters.

Using the Henry Classification system alone, all of the fingerprint cards in the world could be divided into ------- groups

1024

The average fingerprint has as many as ----- individual ridge characteristics.

150

Evidence exists that the Chinese used the fingerprint to sign legal documents as far back as ------- years ago.

3000

Early fingerprint experts consistently referred to galton's calculation, showing the possible existence of ---- ---- different fingerprints to support this.

64 Billion.

The FBI has nearly ------- fingerprint records in its computer database and has yet to find an identical image belonging to two different people

75 million

Superglue Fuming

A technique for visualizing latent fingerprints on nonporoous surfaces by exposing them to cyanoacrylate vapors, named for the commercial product super glue.

Live Scan

An inkless device that captures the digital images of fingerprints and palm prints and electronically transmits the images to an AFIS.

When did Sir Edward Richard Henry devise in 1897?

Another classification system for fingerprints.

What does AFIS stand for?

Automated Fingerprint Identification System

The boundary between the epidermis and dermis is called....?

Dermal papillae

Studies have shown that common fingerprint developing agents ---- ---- interfere with DNA testing methods used for characterizing bloodstains.

Do not

In 1924 the fingerprint records of the bureau of investigation and Leavenworth were merged to form the nucleus of the identification records of the new....

FBI.

What is William Herschel credited for?

He required Indian citizens to sign contracts with the imprint of their right hand.

A visual inspection of friction skin reveals a series of lines corresponding to -------- and --------.

Hills (ridges) and valleys (grooves)

Application of physical developer washes away any trace of proteins from an object's surface; hence....?

If one wishes to use all of the previously mentioned chemicals development methods on the same surface, it is necessary to first fume with iodine, follow this treatment with ninhydrin, and then apply physical developer to the object.

In 1999 the FBI initiated full operation of the ------ ------ ------ ----- --, the larges in the USA which links state AFIS computers with an FBI data base.

Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System

What is a Magna Brush?

It does not have any bristles to come in contact with the surface so there is less chance that the print will be destroyed or damaged. This magnetic sensitive powder comes in black and gray and is useful on items such as leather and rough plastics where the minute texture of the surface tends to hold particles of ordinary powered.

An important and useful tool, especialy for fingerprint identiifcation, si the compare function. What does this do?

It places two images side by side and allows the examiner to chart the common features on both images simultaneously.

Final determination must be based on the ----- and ------ of the expert.

Knowledge and experience.

in 1995, members of the international fingerprint community at a conference in Israel issued the....?

Ne'urim Declaration, which supported the 1973 International Association for Identification resolution.

In the United States, The first systematic and official use of fingerprints for personal identification was adopted by the.....?

New York City Civil Service Commission in 1901.

in 2014 IAFIS was effectively replaced and intergrated into the.....?

Next Generation Identification System (NGI)

Why did the Bertillon system eventually fail?

Prisoner William West was unable to be distinguished from another prisoner based on the Bertillon system however his fingerprints were different.

What does RUVIS stand for and what can it do?

Reflected Ultraviolet Imaging System. can locate prints on most nonabsorbent surfaces without the aid of chemical or powder treatments.

Ridge Characteristics (minutiae)

Ridge endings, bifurcations, enclosures, and other ridge details, which must match in two fingerprints in order for their common origin to be established.

The computer's ------ ------- determines the degree of correlation between the location and relationship of the minutiae for both the search and file prints.

Search algorithm

What did Henry Fauld suggest in 1880?

That skin ridge patterns could be important for the identification of criminals.

How does an AFIS system work?

The AFIS uses automatic scanning devices that convert the image of a fingerprint into digital minutiae that contain data showing ridges at their points of termination (ridge endings) and the branching of ridges into two ridges (bifurcation). The relative position and orientation of the minutiae are also determined, allowing the computer to store each fingerprint in the form of a digitally recorded geometric pattern.

In 1999 the admissibility of fingerprint evidence was challenged in the case of United States v. Byron C. Mitchell. What did the court rule?

The court upheld that fingerprints are admissible as scientific evidence. 1. human friction ridges are unique and permanent and 2. human friction ridge skin arrangements are unique and permanent.

What is alternate light source?

The next advance in latent development. High intensity quartz halogen or xenon arc light sources can be focusedon a suspect area through a fiber optic cable. This light is then passed through several filters, giving the user more flexibility in selecting the wavelength of light to be aimed at the latent print.

What are fingerprint powders?

They are commercially available in a variety of compositions and colors. These powders, when applied lightly to a nonabsorbent surface with a camel's hair or fiberglass brush, readily adhere to perspiration residues and/or deposits of body oils left on the surface.

What is the FBI system of fingerprints?

a modified and extended Henry System. and is used by most agencies in the United States today.

The presence or absence of the ----- pattern is the basis for determination of the primary classification

Whorl

Procedures from surfaces that are soft and porous (such as papers, cardboard, and cloth) require development procedures such as?

With one or more chemicals.

Portrait parle

a verbal description of a perpetrators physical characteristics and dress provided by an eyewitness.

silver fingperint dust is made of...?

aluminum powder.

and 5 percent has...?

arches

The most popular type of lifter is a ---- ----- ----- similar to clear adhesive tape

broad adhesive tape

black fingerprint dust is made of...?

carbon or charcoal.

what are grayscale images?

composed of only black and white elements

all loops must have one....?

delta

the inner skin is known as the....?

dermis

Skin is composed of layers of cells. Those nearest the surface make up the outer portion of skin know as the.....?

epidermis

The AFIS makes no ----- ------ on the identity of a fingerprint, leaving this function to the eyes of a trained examiner

final decisions.

Experienced examiners find that ------ and ----- powders are adequate for most latent print work.

gray and black. The examiner selects the color that provides the best contrast with the surface being dusted.

In 1892 Francis Galton published?

his classic textbook Finger Prints, the first book of its kind.

Arches do not have....?

lines, deltas or cores

Sometimes the most difficult aspect of fingerprint examination is....?

location of prints.

60 to 65 percent of the population has....?

loops

All fingerprints are divided into three classes on the basis of their general pattern. They are...?

loops, arches, whorls

For most fingerprint examiners, the chemical method of choice is....?

ninhydrin

Investigators must be cautioned against ------- on a computer system

over reliance

The first step in obtaining the primary classification is to.....?

pair up fingers, placing one finger in the numerator of a fraction, the other in the denominator.

Most prints recovered at the crime scene are....?

partial prints.

If an injury reaches deep enough to reach the dermal papillae, a ----- ----- will form.

permanent scar

Once the latent print has been visualized, it must be....?

permanently preserved for future comparison and possible use in court as evidence. A photo must be taken before any further steps of preservation.

Iodine prints are not -------- and begin to fade once the fuming process is stopped.

permeant.

If the object is small enough to be transported without destroying the print, it should be....?

preserved in its entirety. The print should be covered in cellphoane so it will be protected from damage.

If two prints are to match, they must reveal characteristics that not only are identical but have the same......?

relative location to one another in a print.

In 1904, several american police officer received instruction in fingerprint identification at the world's fair in St. Louis by....

representatives of Scotland yard.

what is resolution?

reveals the degree of detail that can be seen in an image. the larger the number the more closely the digital image resembles the real world image.

The input of picutres inot a digital imagining system is usually done through the use of.....?

scanners, digital cameras, and video camers.

During the search for a match, the computer uses a ----- ------ that assigns prints to each of the criteria set by an operator.

scoring system

spatial filtering

several types of filters produce various effects. A low pass filter is used to eliminate harsh edges by reducing the intensity difference between pixels. a scond filter, the high pass filter operates by modifying a pixe's numerical value to exaggerate its intensity difference form that of its neighbor. the resulting effect increases the contrast of the edges, thus providing a high contrast between elements and backgrounds.

The ------ arch is similar to the plain arch except that instead of rising smoothly at the center, there is a sharp upthrust or spike, or the ridges meet at an angle that is less than 90 degrees.

tented arch.

Hard and nonabsorbant surfaces (such as glass, mirror, tile, and painted wood) require development procedures such as?

the application of powder or treatment with superglue.

The use of anthropometry as a method of identification rested on the premise that....?

the dimensions of the human bone system remained fixed from age 20 until death. Skeleton sizes were thought to be so extremely diverse that no two individuals could have exactly the same measurement. 11 measurements were taken.

This print is made up of two loops combined into one fingerprint

the double loop

Approximately ---- of the population falls into the 1/1 category, meaning?

their fingers have either loops or arches.

What does fluorescent powder do?

they become fluoresce under ultraviolet light.

Any whorl classified as an accidental either contains ....?

two or more patterns (not including the plain arch) or is a pattern not covered by the categories.

Once the dermal papillae is developed in the human fetus, the ridge patterns remain.....?

unchanged throughout life except to enlarge during growth.

Frequent analysis, also referred to as frequency Fourier Transform (FFT) is....?

used to identify periodic or repetitive patterns such as lines or dots that interfere with the interpretation of the image. These patters are diminished or eliminated.

What is color interference?

when a particular background makes it difficult to analyze a print.

30 to 35 percent of the population has....?

whorls