Chapter 7--12 PSY

A metropolitan police department is trying to stop a conflict between two gangs that occupy the same neighborhood. Which of the following is NOT a suggestion a psychologist would give to groups caught in a social trap?

Encourage each gang to consider and act in their self-interest.

The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called

Spontaneous recovery

Dwayne has over $100,000 in credit card debt. He is able to have much of his credit card debt forgiven through a debt consolidation company. He doesn't realize that his debt forgiveness impacts the global economy because of:

a social trap.

Judith purchased a nice home whose value depreciated as a result of the housing crash. She was able to have the majority of her remaining mortgage payments forgiven, which eased a huge financial burden for her. She reasoned that the debt she was forgiven would not negatively impact the overall debt of the country. Judith's reasoning is an example of:

a social trap.

The initial stage of classical conditioning during which is a response to a neutral stimulus is established and gradually strengthened is call

acquisition

When Hutu militia began to slaughter the Tutsi in 1994, missionary Carl Wilkens and Paul Rusesabagina risked their own lives to save the lives of others. Their actions BEST illustrated:

altruism.

A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n)

unconditioned response

Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was paired with a loud noise. In this case, the loud noise

unconditioned stimulus

Diffusion of responsibility is MOST likely to occur:

when someone is witnessing an emergency and there are several other bystanders present.

Mary and Bill are in a romantic relationship and met each other through an online dating service. Their relationship is likely to be:

both long lasting and satisfying.

Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations are called

cognitive maps

If the sounds of an electric car opener causes a child to salivate because it has previously been associated with the presentation of food, the child's salivation to the sound of the can opener is a(n)

conditioned stimulus

Ten-year-old Karen frequently watched violent movies on television. This is most likely to lead her to

experience less distress at the sight of other children fighting on the school playground

After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, _______ occurred.

extinction

When a CS is not paired with a US, the subsequent fading of a CR is called

extinction

Considering a person's physical features, which is the best predictor of overall physical attractiveness?

face

Caroline loves to read and enjoyed looking up the meaning of words she doesn't know. In school, her teacher promises a gold star to students each time they learn a new word. The teacher's behavior is most likely to undermine

intrinsic motivation

Most psychologists think that the use of punishment is

less effective than positive reinforcers in promoting desirable behavior

Researchers discovered that the regions of the frontal lobes activated when a monkey moves peanuts to its own mouth area also activated when the monkey simply observes other monkeys move peanuts to their mouths. This discovery pointed to the significance of

mirror neurons

_____ perceptions are mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

mirror-image

Like European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews from Nazis, civil rights activists of the 1960s had parents who

modeled a strong moral or humanitarian concern

Escape from a punishing event is a ________ reinforcer.

negative

Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a _________ reinforcer.

negative

A child learns to stop fighting with his brother after the fight leads to suspension of the child's TV-viewing privileges. In this case, the suspension of TV- privileges is a

negative punishent

After repeatedly drinking alcohol spiked with nauseating drug, people with alcohol dependence may fail to develop an aversion to alcohol because they blame their nausea on the drug. This illustrates the importance of _________ in classical conditioning.

negative reinforcement

A dramatic increase in children's violent play immediately after they viewed a video of the Power Rangers illustrates the role of television as a source of

observational learning

When one monkey sees a second monkey touch four pictures in a certain order to gain a banana, the first monkey learns to imitate that sequence. This best illustrates

observational learning

Nearly 25 percent of heterosexual couples have met:

online.

Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates

operant conditioning

Social psychologists believe that _____ tends to be particularly strong during the early stages of a relationship, and that _____ increases in later stages.

passionate love; companionate love

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another is to _____ love as deep affectionate attachment is to _____ love.

passionate; companionate

Aliya and Vaughn just met. Which will affect their first impression of each other?

physical attraction

John and Alisha randomly met at the local movie theater. What will affect their first impression of each other?

physical attractiveness

Researchers randomly matched new University of Minnesota students for a Welcome Week dance. On the night of the blind date, the couples danced and talked for more than two hours and then took a brief intermission to rate their dates. What determined whether they liked each other?

physical attractiveness

After receiving a couple of traffic tickets for speeding, Masako no longer drives faster than the legal speed limit. This best illustrates the impact of

punishment

Carlos regularly donates blood because he once received a life-saving transfusion when he was in a car accident. Carlos' helping behavior is BEST explained by the _____ norm.

reciprocity

Teachers who effectively shape their students' study habits are most likely to

reinforce even minor improvements in students' study skills

The law of effect refers to the tendency to

repeat behaviors that are rewarded

If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the UR is the

salivation to the food in the mouth

In Pavlov's experiment on the salivary conditioning of dogs, a CR was

salivation to the sound of a tone

As a teenager, Maria was told that she should not waste her time and money applying to colleges. Now, as an adult, she works as a waitress at a restaurant. This is an example of a(n):

self-fulfilling prophecy.

To teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors, animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as

shaping

that her free time over the weekend is not as important as the good feelings and joy of giving back to the community. So, she decides to volunteer at the local food bank. This illustrates _____ theory.

social exchange

A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)

specified time period has elasped

Which of the following provides evidence that a CR is not completely eliminated during extinction?

spontaneous recover

Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats challenged the previously accepted principle that

the US must immediately follow the CS for conditioning to occur

When the Zantays eat dinner, the family dog begs for food. Sometimes, but not often, the children give in to the dog's begging and pass their pet a tasty morsel. You would be most justified in predicting that

the dog is going to be quite persistent in its begging in the future

People tend to prefer the letters of the alphabet that are in their own names. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

the mere exposure effect.

After Mrs. Chanski and her children had helped themselves to free samples of the cookies promoted in the grocery store, she felt obligated to buy some even though they seemed unreasonably expensive. Her reaction BEST illustrates the significance of:

the reciprocity norm.

Bethanny and Marcia have worked together for about a year. They work well together and both are advancing in their careers. What BEST explains why Bethanny and Marcia like each other?

the reward theory of attraction

Operant conditioning involves a learned association between

two stimuli

_____ is a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

A conflict

According to research on factors that determine the likelihood that two people will become friends, which of the following is more accurate?

Birds of a feather flock together.

In Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog's mouth was the

US

Luana edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $25 for every three pages she edits. Luana is reinforced on a _______ schedule.

fixed-ratio