Chapter 7

Which diseases will vitamins CURE?

The only diseases that vitamins cure are vitamin deficiencies. As for any other chronic disease, vitamins from food have been shown to have a protective effect, but they cannot cure them

Which food source provides preformed vitamin A that can be used immediately by the body? Spinach Fortified milk Apricots Carrots

Active, or preformed, vitamin A is found in some foods of animal origin, such as eggs, cheese, and fortified milk. Dark green leafy and bright orange vegetables and fruits are sources of the vitamin A precursor beta-carotene.

Which vitamins participate in bone growth? (Select all that apply.) Vitamin K Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E

All but E

Which are a function of Vitamin C? (Select all that apply.) It helps form the protein in connective tissue. It helps in iron absorption. It prevents the common cold. It acts as an antioxidant.

All but curing the cold

What is a function of Vitamin E?

It helps stop destructive chain reactions that can damage cell membranes, DNA, and cellular proteins.

What is the main function of vitamin K?

It helps synthesize proteins that are needed for blood to clot.

What is a coenzyme?

It is a small molecule that combines with an enzyme to activate it. Each B vitamin acts as a coenzyme for some aspect of metabolism.

What are the functions of vitamin C?

It synthesizes collagen, acts as an antioxidant, acts as a cofactor, helps recycle vitamin E to its active form, increases iron absorption, supports the immune system, and protects against infection.

Which is(are) a function of vitamin K? (Select all that apply.) Help blood to clot Prevent heart disease Participate in forming bones

The functions of vitamin K include synthesizing proteins necessary for blood to clot and key bone proteins. Vitamin K does not help to prevent heart disease.

What are vitamins?

They are organic compounds that are vital to life and indispensable to body functions but are needed in very small amounts. They are noncaloric but must be ingested.

Which is true concerning fat soluble vitamins?

They are stored in the liver and fatty tissues and do not need to be supplied every day.

How can nutrient supplements be dangerous to overall health?

They can interfere with the use of other vitamins.

Which vitamin deficiency leads to beriberi?

Thiamin

A girl has stopped growing in height prematurely because her bones are not being remodeled normally. Which vitamin deficiency might cause this?

Vitamin A

What are the functions of Vitamin A?

Vitamin A has many roles in the body including gene expression, vision, maintaining body linings and skin, immune defenses, growth of bones and of the body, normal development of cells, and reproduction.

Which vitamin cannot be absorbed when the intrinsic factor is lacking?

Vitamin B12

Which vitamin deficiency is associated with nerve damage and anemia?

Vitamin B12

The B vitamins act as part of:

coenzymes

For which person would dietary vitamin D be LEAST important?

A light-skinned person living in the southern U.S. who regularly walks outdoors, wearing lightweight clothing

Who would be most likely to develop pellagra?

A person who eats no meat and eats corn as their dietary staple

According to the textbook, which supplement would be best? A supplement that has more than 100% of certain vitamins or minerals The brand that is advertised on television and is the most expensive A supplement that has a therapeutic or high-potency dose of the vitamin A supplement that has less than the DRI of every nutrient for your gender and age

A supplement that has less than the DRI of every nutrient for your gender and age

Which is a characteristic of water-soluble vitamins? Proteins transport them through the body fluids. They are not readily excreted, so they can accumulate in the tissues. They are only needed periodically in the diet. They are absorbed directly into the blood stream.

Because of their chemical structure, the water soluble vitamins are absorbed directly into the blood.

Which compound(s) act(s) as an antioxidant?

Beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E all act as antioxidants (Beta-carotene is a vitamin precursor). Vitamin K does not.

Which vitamin can be synthesized by bacteria found in the digestive tract?

Billions of bacteria reside in the digestive tract, and some of them synthesize vitamin K. This is the only vitamin that is synthesized by bacteria.

John is told by a registered dietitian that he should try and get more vitamin C in his diet. Which of the following foods will help him with this recommendation? (Select all that apply.) Broccoli Citrus fruits Milk Roast Beef

Broccoli and citrus fruits

Which foods are usually fortified with vitamin D in the Unites States?

By law, all milk sold in the US is fortified with vitamin D. Some ready-to-eat breakfast cereals are fortified, as is some soy milk.

Which best maintains the vitamin and mineral contents? Cook vegetables in a small amount of water for the least amount of time possible. Keep fruits and vegetables out of the refrigerator to allow them to ripen. Wash fruits and vegetables after cutting or peeling. Store milk in clear containers once you get it home from the store.

Cook vegetables in a small amount of water for the least amount of time possible.

Which of these foods would be the best source of Vitamin B12? Legumes Red bell pepper Whole wheat bread Cottage cheese

Cottage cheese

Which vitamin deficiency is associated with a higher risk of neural tube defects?

Folate

What is the function of folate?

Folate helps synthesize DNA, so it is required for synthesizing new cells. It also plays a critical role in the normal metabolism of several amino acids. If it is unavailable in the first month of pregnancy, the fetal spinal cord may not form normally, resulting in a neural tube defect.

Which of the following would be a good source of vitamin A or its beta-carotene precursor? (Select all that apply.) Fortified dairy products Grains Eggs Vegetables Fruits

Fortified Dairy Products, Eggs, Vegetables, Fruits

Which of the following would provide the highest amount of vitamin E? Whole milk Mayonnaise A pork chop A grilled chicken leg

Mayo

Why is milk sold in cardboard or opaque plastic containers?

Milk is sold in cardboard or opaque plastic containers because riboflavin, which is found abundantly in milk, is easily destroyed by ultraviolet light. The opaque container protects riboflavin from being destroyed.

What is the major source of vitamin E?

Most of the vitamin E in the diet comes from vegetable oils and products made with them such as margarine and salad dressings.

What is the name of the vitamin D deficiency disease in adults?

Osteomalacia is the adult form of vitamin D deficiency disease and is characterized by an overabundance of unmineralized bone protein. Symptoms include bending of the spine and bowing of the legs.

In the U.S. which group is most likely to get scurvy? Young women Vegetarians People addicted to alcohol Breastfed infants

People addicted to alcohol

Who would be at risk for developing a thiamin deficiency?

People who consume enough calories from whole foods should have no problem consuming adequate amounts of thiamin. However, alcoholics and people who consume polished rice as a food staple are at high risk for thiamin deficiency. Alcohol impairs absorption of thiamin and hastens its excretion in the urine. The thiamine-containing outer layer of rice is removed when it is polished, so people who consume polished rice as a staple often develop a thiamin deficiency.

In population studies, which disease is linked with a diet low in beta carotene-rich foods?

People whose diets lack beta-carotene have a high incidence of the most common form of untreatable age-related blindness, macular degeneration.

The text indicated specific reasons why taking massive doses of vitamin C can be dangerous. Based on this information, which group (or groups) should be particularly careful not to take in too much vitamin C?

People with kidney disorders People with too much iron in their blood

According to the textbook, who is most likely to benefit from taking a nutrient supplement?

Pregnant and breastfeeding women have particularly high nutrient needs and often must rely on supplements to help meet those needs.

What is the best natural (unfortified) source of folate?

Raw spinach

What are the potential consequences of ingesting excessive amounts of vitamin C from supplements?

Some people ingest massive doses of vitamin C, hoping that it will prevent or cure a cold. Such large doses of vitamin C can alter insulin responses in some people, interfere with anti-clotting medications, and contribute to kidney stones. A high vitamin C intake is dangerous for people with a genetic abnormality leading to iron overload.

What deficiency is most likely for an uninformed strict vegetarian?

Strict vegetarians are at special risk for a vitamin B12 deficiency, because vitamin B12 is found exclusively in animal products. A vegetarian needs to have supplemental vitamin B12 to supply what is lacking in the diet.

Susan feels like she should take a vitamin supplement. Which characteristic should the supplement have? It has at least 100% of every vitamin to get maximum nutritional benefit. It is organic or naturally prepared so it will be better absorbed. It is time-released to provide benefits throughout the day. It has a balance of the vitamins she really needs, and few or no added ingredients.

Susan should read the Supplement Facts label, and especially notice the % DV. The supplement should include vitamins in amounts smaller than, equal to, or very close to the recommended intake. Organic, natural, and time-released vitamin supplements are not necessarily better. In addition, supplements with vegetable extracts or other ingredients not needed for human nutrition are unnecessary.

What are the symptoms of vitamin B6 toxicity? Under what circumstances might this occur?

Symptoms include nerve damage leading to numbness and inability to walk and various kinds of impaired thinking. Toxicities have developed when people self-diagnosed a need for a B6 supplement and took it for a long time, in amounts far above the UL.

Which storage or preparation technique will best preserve nutrients? Serving containers of cut salad fruits and vegetables open in a chilled buffet server Quickly stir-frying vegetables in a wok for an oriental dish for dinner Placing milk in glass bottles in the lighted grocery cooler shelves Placing whole fresh garden vegetables on a table at a sunny farmer's market

To prevent heat destruction of vitamins, it is best to cook vegetables quickly, as in stir-frying. Vegetables and fruits should be kept in cool places out of the sun once they are harvested. Milk should not be exposed to sunlight.

What foods have vitamin B12? Who is likely to develop a deficiency?

Vitamin B12 is found only in foods of animal origin. Milk and milk products as well as meats, fish, and poultry are sources of vitamin B12 since they come from a cow. Strict vegetarians (especially vegans) are likely to be deficient unless they take a vitamin B12 supplement. In addition some people lose the ability to absorb vitamin B12 as they age, and others have a genetic defect so they don't produce the intrinsic factor needed for vitamin B12 absorption. In these cases, vitamin B12 may be present in the diet but it isn't absorbed, necessitating supplying vitamin B12 via injections.

What are the functions of vitamin B12?

Vitamin B12 is necessary for folate to do its work. It is part of coenzymes that help synthesize new cells, and it protects nerve fiber by maintaining the protective covering of nerve cells.

Women taking vitamin supplements over several years to help with PMS symptoms developed problems with numbness in their hands and feet and were then unable to walk. Which vitamin in the supplement was most likely to cause the symptoms?

Vitamin B6

Which vitamin deficiency causes scurvy?

Vitamin C

Which vitamin can the body make?

Vitamin D

Which vitamin deficiency results in rickets?

Vitamin D

Which of the following is true about vitamin D? It is essential for vision. It regulates calcium levels in blood. It acts as an antioxidant. It is necessary for blood-clotting.

Vitamin D acts at the digestive tract, the skeleton, and the kidneys to regulate and maintain blood calcium levels.

Which vitamin is obtained from intestinal bacteria?

Vitamin K

Which statement about multivitamins is NOT true? Smokers should avoid taking supplements containing beta-carotene. When choosing a multivitamin, select one that is greater than 100% of the daily value. Consume multivitamins specially formulated for your age and gender. Special claims are generally unsubstantiated.

When choosing a multivitamin, select one that is greater than 100% of the daily value.