Chapter 7

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of in LTM.

retrieval cues

transfer appropriate processing

better performance when the type of processing matches in encoding and retrieval

testing effect

enhanced performance due to retrieval practice

generation effect

generating material yourself rather than passively receiving it enhances learning and retention

According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of

remote, episodic memories.

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

repeating it over and over.

elaborative rehearsal

repeating something over and over again but find a way to relate it to something meaningful

Lourdes and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lourdes decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?

Kim performs better because of reactivation

long-term potentiation

LTP enhanced firing of neurons after repeated stimulation

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect

a failure of memory consolidation

According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes_____and is tested_____.

auditorially; auditorially

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the

generation effect

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

shallow processing

involves little attention to meaning

In the famous obedience research conducted by Stanley Milgram, a participant was instructed to read a list of word pairs (e.g., "nice day," "blue dress," "fat neck") to another person. The participant would then read the list again but would only provide the first word. The other individual was to recall the word that went with this cueing word. This is an example of

paired-associate learning

what is the experiment/result of forming visual images

pairs of words are remembered better if images are formed (compared to just reading word pairs)

reactivation

process in which the hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with the memory

encoding

process of acquiring info and transferring it into LTM

retrieval

process of transferring info from LTM to working memory

what is the experiment/result of organizing info

studying info that is organized, as in a "tree", results in better memory presenting info so organization is difficult (balloon story) results in poor memory

synaptic consolidation

takes place over minutes or hours involves structural changes at synapses

systems consolidation

takes place over months of even years, involves gradual reorganization of neural circuits within the brain

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

what is the experiment/result of practicing retrieval

testing following learning results in better memory than rereading material after learning (testing effect)

_____consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years.

Systems

what is the experiment/result of generating info

memory is better if the second word of a word pair is generated by the person, compared to just being presented with the word (generation effect)

self-reference effect

memory is better if you are asked to relate a word to yourself

what is the experiment/result of relating words to survival value

memory is enhanced by relating words to survival value this works because it helps link words to something meaningful

Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the

neurotransmitters.

maintenance rehearsal

repeating something over and over again without any consideration of meaning or making connections with other info

retrieval cue

a word or other stimulus that helps a person remember information stored in memory

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as

encoding specificity.

Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence

creates more connections

deep processing

involves close attention, focusing on an item's meaning and relating it to something else

state dependent learning

learning that is associated with a particular internal state, such as mood or state of awareness memory will be better when a person's internal state during retrieval matches his or her internal state during encoding

levels of processing theory

proposed by Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart says memory depends on the depth of processing that an item receives it distinguishes between shallow processing and deep processing **deep processing results in better memory than shallow processing

consolidation

proposed by Muller and Pilzecker the process that transforms new memories from a fragile state i which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption

standard model of consolidation

proposes that incoming information activates a number of areas in the cortex distributed across the cortex because memories typically involve many sensory and cognitive areas

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

reconsolidation

paired-associate learning

which a list of words pairs is presented then later the first word of each pair is presented, and the subject's task is to remember the word it was paired with done by Gordon Bower and David Winzenz

what is the experiment/result of linking words to yourself

words associated with yourself are remembered better (self-ref effect)