Chapter 7 apes

Which of the following would be the strongest evidence in support of a scientist's contention that a local area was experiencing acid deposition

An increase in the concentrations of soluble heavy metals in a local pond

which of the following the human health impact most closely associated with atmospheric particulates

Asthma

The graph below depicts the various components of smog for a densely populated urban area in the Northern Hemisphere. Each plotted line (A, B, C, and D) is a different component of smog.Which of the curves on the graph depicts the concentration of ozone, which requires sunlight to form?

C

which of the following are direct products of the use of hydrocarbon fuels in automobile engines

CO2, NOx, and VOCs

Which of the following best describes a natural process that adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere?

Carbon Dioxide is released during major forest fires

Which of the following is a primary air pollutant produced from burning coal?

Carbon monoxide

The graph below shows the experimental data from an investigation testing how carbon monoxide levels in the ambient air alter the amount of oxygen hemoglobin can carry. The experiment was performed with five different laboratory mice. Each mouse was kept in its own habitat under constant conditions of water, food, light, and temperature. Each mouse was exposed to a different concentration of carbon monoxide, and the oxygen saturation level of hemoglobin was measured. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the investigation

Carbon monoxide impairs the transport of oxygen in the bloodstream.

Industrial scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators collect enormous amounts of particulate matter (coal ash) at coal-burning power plants. What best describes an environmental disadvantage of using industrial scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators for pollution abatement?

Coal ash contains toxic levels of several different pollutants, so when it is collected and stored long-term in coal ash ponds, there is increased risk of exposure to toxic metals.

Which type of electricity-generating power plant releases radioactive materials as well as toxic metals such as lead and arsenic under normal operating conditions?

Coal-burning

The data that were used to create this graph were collected in the winter. Which of the following best describes how the graph would be different if the data were collected in the middle of the summer ?

Concentration for components C would be higher throughout the graph

In the figure below, the letters A, B, and C represent the different thermal layers present in an inversion. Which of the following shows the correct sequence of thermal layers as one moves vertically upwards from the surface of Earth?

Cool sea breeze → Warm → Cool

which of the following is a natural source of atmospheric carbon dioxide

Decomposition of organic matter

emitted from most manufactured building materials and furniture

Formaldehyde

which of the following best describes one way the clean air act helped reduce air pollution

Introduced regulatory measures to control the amount of lead in fuels

Of the following cities, which regularly experiences the worst levels of photochemical smog that is enhanced by thermal inversions?

Los Angeles, California

In addition to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which of the following components must be present in the atmosphere to create photochemical smog?

NOx and UV light

which of the following is a common factor of photochemical and smog and is a reddish brown gas with a pungent odor

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

An engineer is assigned the task of reducing the air pollutants being released from a power plant that generates electricity by burning coal. The engineer performs a variety of computer simulations to determine which techniques and methods would be most effective at reducing air pollution generated by the plant.The air pollutant that computer simulations would likely show as being the most reduced by the installation of baghouse filters in exhaust systems

Particulate matter

An engineer is assigned the task of reducing the air pollutants being released from a power plant that generates electricity by burning coal. The engineer performs a variety of computer simulations to determine which techniques and methods would be most effective at reducing air pollution generated by the plant.The air pollutant that computer simulations would likely show as being the most reduced by the installation of electrostatic precipitators in exhaust systems

Particulate matter

Is the major pollutant that electrostatic precipitators are designed to remove from power plant smokestack emissions

Particulates

The graph below shows the experimental data from an investigation testing how carbon monoxide levels in the ambient air alter the amount of oxygen hemoglobin can carry. The experiment was performed with five different laboratory mice. Each mouse was kept in its own habitat under constant conditions of water, food, light, and temperature. Each mouse was exposed to a different concentration of carbon monoxide, and the oxygen saturation level of hemoglobin was measured.Which of the following modifications would improve the validity of the investigation?

Perform the experiment on a larger sample size of mice.

Which of the following statements best describes photochemical smog in large cities in the United States?

Photochemical smog causes negative human health impacts such as eye and lung irritation.

colorless, odorless gas that is naturally occurring decay product of uranium

Radon

has been implicated as the cause of as much as 15 percent of lung cancer cases

Radon

Which of the following is an appropriate remediation strategy for removing radon gas from the home?

Seal or ventilate places where radon enters the living space

An engineer is assigned the task of reducing the air pollutants being released from a power plant that generates electricity by burning coal. The engineer performs a variety of computer simulations to determine which techniques and methods would be most effective at reducing air pollution generated by the plant.The air pollutant that computer simulations would likely show as being the most reduced by the use of fluidized-bed combustion in the boiler furnaces

Sulfur dioxide

What important phenomenon that often plays a role in air pollution episodes is illustrated in the diagram?

Temperature inversions

Based on the layers in the diagram, which of the following best explains why a thermal inversion tends to concentrate pollutants in the air layer closest to the Earth's surface?

The air layer closest to the Earth's surface is denser than the layer above it.

acid rain is associated with which of the following

The burning of fossil fuels

Bats use echolocation to find prey by emitting high-pitched bursts of sound and analyzing the reflection. scientists studying a population of bats in a forest observed that their population size had declined in the years following the completion of a nearby highway.

The highway noise is interfering with bats' echolocation, preventing them from successfully locating and catching prey as they fly

acid deposition would most likely result in which of the following

The release of aluminum ions from the soil

the major source of radon in houses in the united states is

The underlying bedrock

A student is setting up a model to study the carbon cycle and natural sources of carbon dioxide. They create a microenvironment that contains soil, leaf debris, an earthworm, heterotrophic bacteria, and a sun lamp. What natural source of carbon dioxide and major metabolic process was left out of the model?

There is no representation of photosynthesis in the model environment.

Which of the following sources should be examined in a study to determine the impact of a geologic source on levels of CO2 in the atmosphere?

Volcanoes

which of the following is used to reduce S02 emissions from coal-burning power plants?

Wet-scrubber units

Smoke from forest fires is most likely to affect air quality over larger areas for many days when

a persistent atmosphere inversion exist in the region

which of the following locations would most likely receive acid deposition

a town downwind from a coal-fired power plant

which of the following is a problem that is associated with a thermal inversion

an increase in pollutants trapped at Earth's surface which increases the number of cases of human respiratory problems

composed of fibers known to cause lung disease

asbestos

The primary cause of acid precipitation in the northeastern United States is?

burning of sulfur-containing fossil fuels to produce electricity

has a stronger affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen has

carbon monoxide

Catalytic converters reduce which of the following pairs of pollutants in car exhaust?

carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons

is primarily responsible for acid rain in the northeast united states

coal

the majority of atmospheric mercury is produced by

coal-burning power plants

which of the following would most likely reduce the concentration of ground level ozone in the air of a city?

decrease in the emissions of nitrogen oxides

Which of the following would be the most likely effect of acid deposition on a northern forest?

decreased ability of trees to withstand cold weather

The potential human health effect most likely to be associated with a thermal inversion

increase in respiratory irritation due to increased levels of fine airborne particulates

the three main anthropogenic sources of gaseous air pollutants in the united states are

industry, transportation, and energy production.

found in old plumbing pipes and fixtures and some ceramic glazes?

lead

ground-level ozone in most major united states cities results primarily from

motor vehicle exhaust

chemical compound that leads to formation of photochemical smog in the troposphere when it reacts with other compounds in the presence of sunlight

nitrogen oxides

Which of the following actions would be most effective in decreasing acid rain and acid deposition problems?

reducing use of fossil fuels

of the following which is true of noise pollution

sudden or persistent noise may lead to permanent hearing loss

is an important precursor of acid rain

sulfur dioxide

most often cited as the causative factor for acid deposition

sulfur dioxide

implicated in human neurological damage

sulfur dioxide?

all of the following are likely consequences of indoor air pollution except an increase in

the risk of developing skin cancer

If the air layers in the diagram were relabeled to illustrate normal atmospheric conditions, the correct labeling from the air layer closest to the Earth's surface to the one farthest from the Earth's surface would be

warm air, cool air, cooler air

the danger from radon gas would most likely be greatest in

well-insulated homes