Chapter 7 Chemistry

Noble gases:

(neon and argon) are nonreactive in chemical reactions

Transition metal cations:

-The charges of cations of the transition metals may vary

(ions are )Isoelectronic(same electron configuration): iso-equal. isometric/isoselies/ --the same electron configuration as a noble gas

...

4 properties that make step an important alloy:

1. Corrosion resistance 2. Ductility 3. Hardness 4. Toughness

3 types of bonds:

1. Ionic 2. Covalent 3. Metallic

*What are the three properties of ionic compounds?

1. Most ionic compounds are crystalline solids at room temperature. 2. Ionic compounds usually have high melting points 3. Ionic compounds can conduct an electric current when melted or dissolved in water

-_______ _______ need one more valence electron to achieve the electron configurations of the nearest noble gas.

Chlorine atoms

Example of crystalline solids:

Fluorite, Grossularite, and Aragonite.

Metallic Bonds

Force of attraction for free flowing atoms

-Ionic Compound:

a compound composed of positive and negative ions Although they are composed of ions, ionic compounds are electrically neutral

What is the electron configuration called that has 18 electrons in the outer energy level and all of the orbitals filled?

pseudo noble-gas configuration-isoelectronic

-Cations of gold (Au+), cadmium (Cd2+), and mercury(Hg2+) also have......

pseudo noble-gas electron configurations.

What property of nonmetallic elements makes them more likely to gain electrons than lose electrons?

they have mostly full outer valence shells

t/f: Metals are made up of cations and valence electrons, not neutral atoms

true

t/f: the group number of a representative element in the periodic table is related to the number of valence electrons it has.

true

Name of anion

usually end in -ide

when it's comes to _________ ______ never change the name or the charge

polyatomic ions

*How are cations formed?

A positively charged ion, or cation, is produced when an atom loses one or more valence electron.

metals whose atoms form a face-centered cubic pattern:

1. copper 2. Aluminum

Name 3 properties of metals that can be explained by metallic bonding:

1. electrical conductivity 2. Ductility 3. Malleability

What are the components for the following alloys? 1. sterling silver: 2. Brass: 3. Stainless steel: 4. cast iron:

1. silver and copper 2.copper and zinc 3. iron, nickel, chromium, and carbon 4.iron and carbon

True about ionic compounds:(2)

1. when dissolved in water, ionic compounds can conduct electricity 2. Ionic compounds are electrically neutral

Properties:

1. when melted or dissolved-good electrolytes (increase ability conduct electric current) 2. Very high meting points 3. In solid form-crystal lattice structure 4. Strongest bonds 5. brittle 6. electro-lights: increase ability to conduct electric currents

Component ions like crystal, are arranged in repeating ___-dimensional patterns

3

halogen:

7 valence electrons- need only one to become a noble gas

ionic bond

: The electrostatic force that holds ions together in ionic compounds Example of how they are formed: sodium chloride

-Gilbert Lewis 1916:

: used this fact to explain why atoms form certain kinds of ions and molecules. He called his explanation the octet rule.

Ion:

:charge particles and loose and gain electrons They transfer electrons so that they feel they have a full outer valence. -Metals want to loose electrons-cations -Nonmetals want to gain electrons so they are called anions.

-Ionic bonds

:the electrostatic attraction that binds oppositely charged ions together

*What is the electrical charge of an ionic compound?

Although they are composed of ions, ionic compounds are electrically neutral.

What is the octet rule?

In forming compounds, atoms will usually achieve the electron configuration of a noble gas(8 electrons-highest occupied energy level) except helium.

____ alloys have smaller atoms that fit into the spaces between larger atoms.

Interstitial

Whats the charge on an ionic compound?

NO NET CHARGE

-The name of an anion of a nonmetallic element is _____ the same as the element name.

NOT

ionic compound:

a compound composed of cations and anions Ex: sodium chloride/ table salt

What does the coordination number tell you?

Number of ions of opposite charge that, in a crystal, will surround an ion

example of a crystalline solid?

Pyrite

What happens to an ionic crystal when force is applied to it?

The force tend to push ions of like charge into contact. They repel eachother and the crystal shatters

*How can you model the valence electrons of metal ions?

The valence electrons of atoms in a pure metal can be modeled as a sea of electrons.

Valence electrons:

Valence electrons; found in "s" and "p" orbitals. Valence electrons are the electrons in the highest occupied energy level of an element's atom

a mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, is an _____

alloy

*How are anions formed?

an anion is produced when an atom gains one or more electrons.

-Chemical formula

an expression that indicates the number and type of atoms present in the smallest representative unit of a substance

atoms of most nonmetallic elements achieve noble-gas electron configurations by gaining electrons to became ______, or negatively charged ions.

anions

Electron dot structures:

are diagrams that show valence electrons in the atoms of an element as dots.

ion

atom or group of atoms that either gains or losses electrons and has an either positive or negative charge.

Ionic compounds:

can conduct an electric current when melted or dissolved in water

Can metals have ions bonds together?

cannot. They all form cations.

in an ionic compound, the charges of the ____ and ____ must balance ti produce an electrically ____ substance

cations...anions..neutral

_____ first...______ second

cations..anions

Chemists represent the composition of substances by writing ________ ________.

chemical formulas

The number of valence electrons largely determines the

chemical properties of an element

The valence electron largely determine the ________ of an element and are usually the only electrons used in _________

chemical properties... chemical bonds

the most common use of nonferrous alloys is in:

coins

Metal atoms in crystals arraigned into very ____ and orderly patterns

compact

Most ionic compounds are ____ at room temperature

crystalline solids

Most ionic compounds are...

crystalline solids at room temperature

-Most ionic compounds are _______ _______ at room temperature -Ionic compounds generally have ______ melting points

crystalline solids......high

-Ionic compounds also conduct electric current if they are....

dissolved in water. When dissolved, the ions are free to move about in the solution.

Valence electrons are shown in....

electron dot structures

What are valence electrons?

electrons in the highest occupied energy level of an elements atom. the "s" and "p" orbitals

Anions and cations attract each-other by means of ________ __________.

electrostatic forces

Metallic bond:

etallic bond: repeating pattern. it allows the atoms of metal allows each atom of metal to be shared along the same sample of metal. (Helps with electricity flow) The fact that electrons can flow freely through the metal they can be transferred. this is how they hold together

t/f: elements of the halogen family lose one electrons to become halide ions

false

t/f: ionic compounds generally have low melting points

false

t/f: pure metals are usually harder and more durable than alloys

false

Ion:

form when an atom or group of atoms loses or gains electrons

chemical formula of an ionic compound refers to a ratio known as a _______ unit.

formula

Anion

group of atoms with a negative charge

-Polyatomic ion:

group of bonded atoms that carry a net charge

Metallic:

it is where electrons can move around freely in a metal. It is between two metal atoms -- they can be the same element or different. Metals conduct electricity because the metallic bonds allow electrons to flow relatively freely along the metal. Mixtures of metals are called alloys.

*How do you find the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative element?

look at the group number

Metallic atoms tend to ___ valence electrons to produce a positively charged ion. Most nonmetallic atoms achieve a complete octet by gaining or ____ electrons

lose...sharing

Most common cations are produced by ______ of valence electrons from _______ atoms.(Most have 1-3)

loss...metal

Alloys:

mixture of two or more electrons one which has to be a metal. substances that are mixtures of metals. no ionic bonds. they have metallic bonds.. ex: gold, silver, copper. we make alloys to make desired materials

-Atoms of _________ elements attain noble-gas electron configurations ______ easily by gaining electrons than by loosing them because these atoms have relatively _____ valence shields.

nonmetallic..more...full

A chemical formula shows the type and _____ f the atoms in the smallest representative unit of an substance

numbers

Ionic:

one or more electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another, making them oppositely charged ions. They are then attracted to each other because they are oppositely charged. Ionic bonds usually occur between metals (which donate electrons) and nonmetals (which receive electrons).

Covalent:

pairs of electrons are shared between elements. 2 nonmetals

if i need two or more of a polyatomic ion i put the polyatomic ion in ___________

parenthesis

Chemical formula

shows the number of atoms of each element in the smallest representative unit of a substance. Ex: NaCl-chemical formula for sodium chloride -ionic compounds exist as collections of positively and negatively charged ions arranged in repeating patterns.

-All of the elements within each group of the periodic table react in a _______ way because they have the _______ number of valence electrons

similar.....same

Octet rule:

states that in forming compounds, atoms tend to achieve the electron configuration of a noble gas. (Octet- set of 8)

___ alloys have component atoms that are roughly equal in size

substitutional

Valence electrons:

the electrons in the highest occupied energy level of an element's atoms. The number of valence electrons largely determines the chemical properties of an element. Usually the only electrons involved in chemical bonds.

What is an ionic bond:

the electrostatic force of attraction that binds atoms of opposite charge

What are metallic bonds?

the forces of attraction between free-floating valence electrons and positively charges metal ions

-halide ions:

the ions produced when atoms of chlorine and other halogens gain electrons.

Formula unit

the lowest whole number ratio of ions in an ionic compound. Ex: sodium chloride-lowest whole number ratio: 1-1 (1 Na+ to Cl-) = NaCl

****What is a formula unit?***

the lowest whole-number ratio of ionic in an ionic compound.

Formula unit:

the lowest whole-number ratio of ions in an ionic compound

Coordination number

the number of ions of opposite charge that surround each ion in a crystal

cooridination number

the number of ions of opposite charge that surround the ion in a crystal.

if you have a pure metal like cooper how does it hold together?

there is a metallic bonding force

Describe the structure of ionic compounds:

they are collections of positively and negatively charged ions arranged in repeating 3-dimentional patterns