Chapter 7 Dental terminology

Universal

Each adult tooth has a number from 1 to 32, and the deciduous teeth range from A to T. Assessment begins at the maxillary right third molar (1), progresses along the arch to the maxillary left third molar (16), then down to the mandibular left third molar (17), and back around to the mandibular right third molar (32). The deciduous teeth follow the same pattern using letters instead of numbers.

Streptococcus mutans

-causes dental caries -which produce acid to destroy tooth tissues through decalcification and demineralization of the enamel tissue and its matrix

Palmer

Teeth are numbered 1-8 with a bracket indicating quadrant location. Each central incisor is tooth 1, and the quadrant signal indicates which quadrant. Deciduous teeth are lettered A (central incisor) to E (second molar) with a quadrant indicating bracket.

Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI)

Teeth are numbered in the same manner as the Palmer method but with no quadrant sign. Instead of brackets, a number prefix of 1 to 4 indicates the quadrant. The deciduous prefix quadrant numbers are 5 to 8. (See Figure 7-7A and Figure 7-7B for examples of methods and commonly used charting symbols.)

laser probe placement

The scale value of 10-15 requires no care, values of 15-30 require preventive care, and values over 30 need restorative care

bite registration

a piece of wax material, impression material injection, or commercial pad that is placed into the patient's mouth; when the patient bites down, the material registers the occlusion pattern that is used to put the models together to imitate the patient's normal bite position.

Bell's palsy

a sudden but temporary unilateral facial paralysis from an unknown cause but may involve swelling of the facial nerve from an immune or viral infection.

periodontal (pear-ih-oh-DON-tal) abscess (abscess in periodontal tissues)

abscess originating in and progressing from inflammation of periodontal tissues; differs from periapical abscess, which originates in the pulp and progresses to the apical tip.

What is the most common material used to make teeth impressions?

alginate

neoplasm (NEE-oh-plazm = new tissue)

all unusual or abnormal tissues, which should be tested to determine if the condition is benign or malignant.

oral lesion (LEE-zhun = injury, wound)

altered inflammatory tissue or in- fected patch in the skin. Causes could be infection, hemorrhage, ulcer- ations, extra melanoma, fat deposits, amalgam tattoos, dilated veins, or other causes. Associated symptoms may be pain, swelling, or pus. Lesions that affect tooth tissues are called caries.

hyperemia (high-per-EE-mee-ah = over, blood)

an increase in blood and lymph vessels, as a result of irritation from decay.

sialoadenitis (sigh-ah-loh-add-eh-NIGH-tis; sial = saliva, aden = gland, itis = inflammation)

an inflamed condition of a salivary gland.

rinse

anti-plaque mouth rinses containing therapeutic chemicals may reduce the amount of a thin covering on the teeth called plaque.

dental caries

are also known as decay or carious lesions

vermillion (ver-MILL-yon) border

area where the pink-red lip tissue meets the facial skin.

incipient caries

beginning decay.

fibroma (fie-BROH-mah; fibr = fiber, oma = tumor)

benign tumor of connective tissue.

hemangioma (he-man-jee-OH mah)

benign tumor of dilated blood vessels.

granuloma (gran-you-LOH-mah = granular tumor)

benign tumor of lymph and skin cells.

hairy tongue

black or dark brown projections resembling hairs arising from the tongue dorsum; may be caused by medications or drug treatment.

torus mandibularis (TORE-us man-dib-you-LAIR-us)

bony growths usually in anterior lingual area; interfere with denture fit ).

torus palatinus (TORE-us pal-ah-TEEN-us; plural is tori )

bony overgrowth or elevations in the roof of the mouth.

mouthwash

breath-freshening rinses may reduce the acquired pellicle (PEL-ih-kal; pellicula = little skin) on the tooth surfaces.

fluorosis (floor-OH-sis = excessive fluoride ingestion)

condition that can cause molting and discoloration of enamel tissue.

commissure (KOM-ih-sure)

corners of the mouth where the lips meet.

Complex cavity

decay involving more than two surfaces, usually charted as mesiocclusodistal (MOD) or any other three or more surfaces.

Simple cavity

decay involving one surface of the tooth, usually on the occlusal surface, the lingual surface of maxillary incisors, or fissured buccal or lingual surfaces of the mandibular posterior teeth.

Compound cavity

decay involving two surfaces of a tooth, usually charted as mesio-occlusal (MO), disto-occlusal (DO), or any other two surfaces.

recurrent caries

decay occurring under or near repaired margins of tooth restorations.

arrested caries

decay showing no progressive tendency.

fissured tongue

deep crack in center of tongue dorsum; considered a developmental cause.

dysphagia (dis-FAY-jee-ah; dys = bad, phagein = to eat)

difficulty swallow- ing; another term for swallowing is deglutition (dee-glue-TISH-shun).

epulis (ep-YOU-liss = gumboil)

fibrous tumor of oral tissue.

geographic tongue

flat, irregular, red lesions on the dorsum of the tongue.

topical fluoride

fluoride that is placed on the tooth surfaces, such as liquids, gels, and pastes.

systemic fluoride

fluoride that is taken orally, in the water supply, drops, or in vitamins.

bruxism (BRUK-sism = grinding of teeth)

grinding of teeth, especially during sleep or from bad habits.

labio-mental groove

groove between the lip (labium) and the chin (mental).

naso-labial groove

groove from the nose (naso) to the lip (labium).

epithelian color variation (VELscopeVx)

hand-lamp device that illuminates a blue spectrum light causing a fluorescent mouth glow; abnormal tissue cells lack the ability to absorb, thereby standing out for observers and photo recording.

ANUG (acute necrotic ulcerative gingivitis)

highly inflamed and dying gingival tissues. ANUG is also called trench mouth or Vincent's infection

malocclusion (mal-oh-CLUE-zhun; mal= disorder)

imperfect occlusion, or irregular meeting of teeth; malposition of teeth.

negative reproduction

impression of the teeth in which each cusp or protrusion in the tooth is now a dent in the impression material.

cellulitis (sell-you-LIE-tiss = inflammation of cellular or connective tissue)

infec- tion and inflammation extending into adjacent connective tissues.

pulpitis (pul-PIE-tis = inflammation of the pulp)

inflammation and swelling of pulp tissue, leading to necrosis or death of the pulp.

pericoronitis (pear-ih-kor-oh-NIGH-tiss; peri = around, corono = tooth crown, itis = inflammation)

inflammation around the crown of a tooth. Pericoronitis happens quite often with erupting third molar teeth.

periodontitis (pear-ee-oh-don-TIE-tis; peri = around, don = tooth, itis = inflammation)

inflammation of the gingiva with involvement of deeper periosteal tissues indicated by formation of pockets and bone loss. A common name for this diseased condition is called pyorrhea (pie-oh- REE-ah = pus collection).

cheilosis (key-LOH-sis; cheilo = lips, osis = condition)

inflammation of the lip, particularly at the corners of the lips. Primary causes include candidia- sis, vitamin B deficiency, or lack of vertical dimension at the commissures because of ill-fitting dentures.

glossitis (glah-SIGH-tiss = tongue inflammation)

inflammation of the tongue from various reasons, topical and systemic.

Tooth charting

is a visual recording of existing oral conditions of the teeth and oral tissues.

circumvallate papillae

large, mushroom-shaped papillae on the posterior dorsum area of the tongue; considered to have developmental cause.

herpes genitalis

lesions occurring on male/female genitalia; called HSV-2; sexually transmitted.

abfraction (ab-FRACK-shun)

loss of tooth surface in the cervical area, caused by tooth grinding and compression forces, resulting in hypersensitivity of the area.

nicotine stomatitis

malignant leukoplakia of the hard palate, caused by smoking.

carcinoma (kar-sih-NO-mah = tumor of connective tissue)

malignant tumor of epithelial origin that may infiltrate and metastasize (meh-TASS-tah-size =move

philtrum (FIL-trum)

median groove on the external edge of the upper lip to the base of the nose.

What does an abscess result from?

necrosis(death) of pulp tissues

neurofibroma (new-roh-fie-BROH-mah)

neoplasm of nerve sheath cell; may be single or multiple nodules.

lymphoma (lim-FOH-mah)

new tissue growth within the lymphatic system.

primary herpes

occurs in young children in the mouth or on the lips.

anatomical portion

part of the cast that reproduces the teeth and gingiva. art portion: part of the cast that is added to make esthetic base support.

chemical-luminescent method (Vizilite Plus)

patient rinses with 1% acetic acid solution for 30-60 seconds, and a light stick is activated and inserted into the mouth to view illuminated suspect areas, which are then marked with a blue dye and photographed.

articulation (are-tick-you-LAY-shun; articulatus = jointed)

placement of positive casts into the patient's bite or articulating position.

recurrent herpes

reappears on the lip area (labialis) throughout life

erythroplakia (ah-rith-row-PLAY-key-ah; erythros = red, plak = plaque)

red tissue patch on oral mucosa of palate, or mouth floor; may be precancerous.

gingivitis (jin-jih-VIE-tis = inflammation of gingiva)

redness and swelling of the gingival tissues that may be caused by irritants, disease, habits, im- proper hygiene, and poor general or nutritional health.

regulated fluoride use

regular intake or use of fluorinated water and vita- mins, and uses of mouthwashes and toothpastes containing fluoride.

AIDS

related symptoms include gingival lesions, thrush, swollen glands, and herpes lesions. There may be indications of Kaposi's sarcoma (skin lesion cancer).

Alginate

seaweed, agar-based impression material

ankyloglossia (ang-keh-loh-GLOSS-ee-ah)

shortness of the lingual frenum; tongue tied.

brush cytology (Oral CDx)

similar to a PAP test, a collection of cells in a suspicious area are rubbed with a disposable brush that is wiped upon a prepared and coded glass slide, wrapped, and sent for laboratory analy- sis. Microscopic results are forwarded to the dentist for proper treatment, monitoring, or planning.

what are the 3 types of dental caries

simple cavity, compund cavity, complex cavity

aphthous ulcer (AF-thuss UHL-cer; alpha = little ulcer)

small, painful ulcer within the mouth; also called canker sore.

labial tubercle

small, rounded elevation or eminence on the lip labium.

Fordyce granules

small, yellow spots on the mucous membrane, usually the soft palate and buccal mucosa; considered a developmental condition. thrush: fungus infection of mouth and/or throat; appears as white patches or ulcers on tissues and is caused by Candidiasis infection of the oral mucosa

mucocele (MYOU-koh-seal)

soft nodule commonly found on the lower lip, caused by trauma to accessory salivary gland.

candida albicans

sore, white plaque areas resulting from long-term antibiotic therapy permitting fungus buildup.

what instrument is used to ausculate?

stethoscope

ingestion (in-JEST-shun = taking into gastrointestinal tract)

taking a substance into the gastrointestinal tract.

avulsion (ah-VULL-shun = pull away from)

tearing or knocking out; forcible removal of tooth.

trismus (TRIZ-mus = grating)

tension or contraction of the mastication muscles; may result from mouth infection, inflamed glands, and some dis- eases, such as tetanus (commonly called lockjaw).

oral cancer risk (Oral DNA Labs)

test to identify type(s) of HPV present and risk profile for each as high, low, or uncertain to determine need for moni- toring or referral. Patient gargles saline solution and empties mouth into collection tube that is sent to lab for oral DNA-PCR analysis.

fistula (FISS-tyou-la = pathway for pus escape, pipe)

tissue opening for pus drainage, providing some pain relief from buildup of pulpal pressure.

palpate

to examine by touch

asculate

to listen to movement

ankylosis (ang-kill-OH-sis = stiff joint)

tooth fixation, retention of a decidu- ous tooth past the exfoliation time, or retention of permanent teeth that are fixed in the tooth socket because of an absence of periodontal liga- ments; may be a result of heredity, disease, or constant trauma.

pulpalgia (pul-PAL-jee-ah; pulp = inner tooth tissue, algia = pain)

tooth pain or toothache resulting from irritation and infection in the pulp chamber.

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

union of the joints of the temporal and the mandibular bones. Many problems can arise in this area for an assortment of reasons and or causes. TMJ treatment varies from bite adjustment to bone surgery.

herpes (HER-peez) simplex virus (HSV)

vesicles or watery pimples that burst and crust; caused by a virus; also called fever blisters or cold sores when on the lips, and gingivostomatitis when present on the oral mucosa.

abrasion (ah-BRAY-shun = scraping from)

wearing away of tooth structure from abnormal causes such as malocclusion or bad habits.

attrition (ah-TRISH-un = rubbing against)

wearing away of tooth structure from normal causes such as usual tooth chewing or mastication (mass- tih-KAY-shun = the act of chewing).

erosion (ee-ROE-zhun = gnawing away)

wearing away or destruction of tooth structure as a result of disease or chemicals such as stomach acid from bulimia vomiting; also termed acid etching from reflux or purging.

leukoplakia (loo-koh-PLAY-key-ah; leulos = white, plax = plate)

white patches on oral tissues, particularly the tongue that may become malignant (see Figure 7-3A).

rampant caries

widespread or growing decay.

fluorescence and reflection method (Identifi 300)

with patient and doc- tor wearing tinted eyeglasses, the handheld light device is placed into the mouth for visual examination. When the tissues have absorbed the white rays, the lamp color is changed to violet rays for a blue reflection of ab- normal skin followed by an amber light change to show vasculation of the area. Suspected dysplasia is charted, followed by appropriate observance or treatment.

tic douloureux (TICK do-luh-ROO)

a degeneration or pressure on the tri- geminal (fifth cranial) nerve that causes neuralgia and painful contraction of facial muscles; also known as trigeminal neuralgia.

periapical abscess is also caleed

a gum abscess

positive cast

a gypsum reproduction of the patient's mouth; also called a study model (see Figure 7-8). This reproduction may be used for diagnosis or preparation of treatment plans. A reproduced cast has two parts: anatomical posrtion, art portion.

sarcoma (sar-KOH-mah = tumor of flesh/tissues)

a malignant skin tumor arising from underlying tissues.