chapter 7 FOPO

Patterns that have affected the collection, analysis, and dissemination of intelligence

(1) difficulties in achieving coordination, (2) producer-consumer problems and (3) variations in intelligence success. the creation of the ODNI has not eliminated these issues

Historical Development

American intelligence became more professional and grew during the first half of the 20th century with the establishment of military intelligence, the FBI, and during WW2, the office of strategic services(OSS), the precursor of the CIA. Today the budget is around 50 million with about 100,000 people

intelligence reform and prevention of terrorism act of 2004

As a result of 9/11 it restructured the intelligence community. this created the ODNI and the position of the DNI with greater authority to coordinate the intelligence community.

Phoenix Program

Controversial CI program executed by the CIA, United States special operations forces, and the Republic of Vietnam's (South Vietnam) security apparatus during the Vietnam War. It was designed to identify and "neutralize" the civilian infrastructure supporting the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam insurgency.

signal-to-noise problem

Given the vast amount of stimuli and potential information available, it is difficult to sort out the truly relevant information and signals that need to be highlighted, collected, processed, and analyzed

allen dulles

Heyday of covert operations occurred under him from 1952-61 when his bother was the secretary of state. During the 'good ol days"

National Security Agency (NRA)

Highly secretive and was created in 1952 within the DOD, though its origins go back to WW1 and the army's signal corps. It has grown to be the largest and along the CIA, most important intelligence agency.

department of homeland security

In 2002 Bush asked congress (at the urging of many members) to increase the prestige and visibility of OHS by approving its change to this department, giving it cabinet-level status.

national intelligence estimate

Intel Community reports on major issues and produces a document as a product. intended to be an important product of the intelligence community. few products the intelligence community produces jointly.

project MKULTRA

Secret CIA program in the 50's, 60's, and 70's that involved testing drugs, such as LSD, heroin, and marijuana, on unwitting American and Canadian participants with the purpose of finding a drug that could be used for mind control. The project was one of many secret CIA projects that was exposed by the Church Committee in 1975 and was one of the projects that brought a great deal of public criticism upon the CIA

National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)

The NGA processes the raw data acquired from the airborne platforms into imagery products used by the all-source analysts.

Finished Intelligence

The end result of collecting and processing raw information, commonly presented to intelligence directors and White House officials for consideration of foreign policy action.

intelligence cycle

The primary purpose of the intelligence community is to collect and analyze information for military and civilian policymakers in the executive branch. compromised of 5 actives: planning and direction, collection, processing, production and analysis, and dissemination

Abu Ghraib scandal

The scandal american abuse of Iraqi prisoners

9/11 commission report

This report summarized that 9/11 happened because of weaknesses in the imagination of the US government, permeable aviation security, and underestimation of Al Qaeda's abilities.

counterintelligence (CI)

Those assigned to this area are responsible for the protection of secrets from the prying eyes and ears of foreign intelligence agencies, both at home and abroad.

Afganistan operation

Under William Casey, major operation of the CIA to support insurgents known as the Mujahideen against the invading soviet military and a campaign to destabilize and overthrow the new Nicaraguan Sandinsita regime

All-Source analysts

a complete picture is ideally constructed from several different sources and methods (information gathered through human sources is confirmed or denied by electronic and photography methods) these people are called this.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

a part of the department of justice. the oldest governmental organization developed for the purpose of intelligence. It is the intelligence organization with primary responsibility for U.S domestic counterintelligence and international security.

national security ethos

an anti communist philosophy and a power-politics, ends-justify-the-means strategy which pervaded American policymakers during the cold war consensus.

Coordination problems

coordinating the work of various intelligence organizations in support of a presidents foreign policy is very difficult. the major problem has been a lack of central authority. The separate organizations and agencies all have their own reporting lines or channels through their own agency heads, with established stovepipes between top-level policy makers. the creation of the ODNI gave greater authority to coordinate the intelligence community.

The CIA

created by the national security act of 1947, became known and most important agency responsible for intelligence abroad. has played an important role in the collection and analysis of data, is the primary intelligence organization responsible for counterintelligence outside the United States.

National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)

created during the Cold War to help centralize the management of reconnaissance flights, the US developed the U-2 Spy plane. Today the NRO is responsible for the development as well as the supervision of high-altitude surveillance mechanisms.

Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)

created in 1961 in response to the bay of pigs fiasco, where the CIA trained cuban expatriates to invade Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro- an operation that failed and led to the condemnation of the United States throughout the globe. The DIA's purpose is to better coordinate the many intelligence activities undertaken by the DOD in the hope of giving the military a single and more influential voice in governments intelligence process.

director of national intelligence

created to establish a central authority for coordination of the roughly 15 agencies that make up the intelligence community

activities intelligence includes

data collection and analysis, counterintelligence, and political and paramilitary intervention

stovepipes

direct channels from those involved in collection and analysis to high-level policymakers

The military services

each one maintains its own intelligence capability. It consists primarily of service officers to collect and process tactical military information, including operational capabilities of other military forces- especially those of the Soviet Union after WW2.

presidential findings

explaining the need and nature of any covert actions

intelligence committees

in 1980 intelligence oversight act established new permanent intelligence committees in both chambers and required the submission to congress of a presidential finding, explaining the need and nature of any covert actions

Contra Covert War

in Nicaragua was eventually outlawed by Congress in 1985 and 1986. Nevertheless the Reagan administration circumvented the law by pursuing the Contra operation through the NSC staff and relying on private operatives and groups, triggering a crisis of governance for the Reagan presidency when the true nature of the contra covert operations became exposed.

William Casey

in the 1980s the CIA made a resurgence, he was a strident anticommunist and former member of the OSS during WW2, the CIA rejuvenated its operations division and rehired many former covert operatives. Under him the CIA launched a dozen major covert operations in places such as Central America, Angola, Libya, and Ethiopia.

intelligence community

includes parts of 17 federal organizations. The major components are (1) national security agency (2) intelligence units within each of the military services (3) the national Reconnaissance Office (NRO) (4) the defense of Intelligence Agency (5) the state departments intelligence and research bureau (6) the federal bureau of investigation

tensions between national security and democracy

independence versus accountability, secrecy versus availability of information, and the legitimacy of covert operations

methods of collection

information from electronic signals, from photography , from human sources, and from open sources publicly made available

covert intervention

involves a variety of operations, where so-called dirty tricks and coercive force are most commonly practiced.

espionage

involves human intelligence and counterintelligence, such as running spies and double agents abroad in order to access information and preventing foreign intelligence agencies from penetrating the CIA

covert operations of the CIA

manipulating foreign democratic elections, organizing partisan resistance movements, overthrowing foreign governments, participating in foreign assassinations, supporting friendly, often authoritarian governments, training foreign military, intelligence and police personnel, and pursuing carious covert actions at home against American citizens

Pike and church committee investigations

named after the chairman of each chambers foreign relations committee led to the first public knowledge of the scale of covert operations conducted by the CIA.

The Office of the director for National Intelligence

newest element in the US intelligence community. Created to establish a central authority for coordination of the roughly 15 agencies that make up the intelligence community.

politicization of intelligence

occurs when intelligence is slanted to fit the policy preferences of assumptions of key officials. (1) when policymakers exert pressure on the intelligence community to produce evidence or finished intelligence that suits their preferences (2) when policymakers "cherry pick" from raw intelligence or reports only those pieces of evidence or conclusions with which they agree

national clandestine service

originally called the directorate of operations until 2005, responsible for the CA's most renowned activities- covert operations which include espionage and political and paramilitary covert intervention

office of strategic services (OSS)

origins of the CIA lie within the operation this service. created in 1942 under the authority of the armed services chiefs of staff in support of US efforts in WW2. known for daring and covert operations behind enemy lines, they also engaged in analyzing the enemy using bright young minds of diverse people

Non-DOD organizations

other cabinet level departments have their own intelligence activities. The most important are under the Department of State and Justice (the FBI), other executive branch agencies, such as the Departments of Energy, treasury, and DEA.

intelligence

referred to as information or news

director of central intelligence

replaced by the director of national intelligence

Slobodan Milosevi

the CIA launched a campaign against Serbia and this group that combined propaganda, destabilization, support of opposition groups, and other methods to undermine the regime

the Good Ol Days

the CIA was created to provide the president with an intelligence capability to engage in data collection and analysis as well as to coordinate the lager intelligence community existing at the time. extensive covert operations were not envisioned for the CIA. Soon the CIA became a major governmental organization responsible for covert actions abroad in support of the policy of containment

cryptology

the study of making and breaking codes

directorate of operations

until 2005 it was responsible for the CIA's most renowned activities-covert operations