Chapter 7 launchpad

Which of the following does not occur during the third phase of glycolysis? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. pyruvate production ATP synthesis oxygen consumption the transfer of high-energy electrons to NAD+ None of the other answer options is correct.

oxygen consumption

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. ATP synthase. NAD+. oxygen. coenzyme Q. cytochrome C.

oxygen.

Excess glucose is stored in large branched molecules of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. starch in bacteria. glycogen in animals. starch in animals. glycogen and starch in both animals and plants. glycogen in plants.

glycogen in animals.

Once they have been processed through the citric acid cycle, the acetyl-CoA molecules from a single glucose molecule produce: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 4 CO2. 6 NADH, 6 GTP. 6 GTP, 6 FADH2. 4 CO2, 6 FADH2, 2 ATP. 6 FADH2, 2 ATP, 6 CO2.

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 4 CO2.

Which of the following statements is true regarding aerobic respiration? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen at every stage of the process. Aerobic respiration is carried out by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Aerobic respiration is a three-stage process, with oxidative phosphorylation comprising the last stage. Carbon dioxide is produced at every stage of aerobic respiration. None of the other answer options is correct.

None of the other answer options is correct.

Oxidation is the gain of electrons. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. true false

false

Pyruvate oxidation produces a large amount of ATP. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. true false

false

The majority of cells within the human body have a very high baseline amount of ATP, so cells are always prepared for any long-term activity. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. true false

false

Proteins can be broken down for energy. They are typically broken down into amino acids, which then enter cellular respiration by: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. lactic acid fermentation or the citric acid cycle. glycolysis or ethanol fermentation. glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation.

glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.

Pyruvate oxidation is an important stage in cellular respiration because: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. it links glycolysis with the citric acid cycle. it transfers large numbers of electrons to electron carriers. it generates ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. it eliminates toxic pyruvate from the cell. it is the first step in oxidative phosphorylation.

it links glycolysis with the citric acid cycle.

The electron transport chain is part of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. fermentation. the citric acid cycle. glycolysis. oxidative phosphorylation. pyruvate oxidation.

oxidative phosphorylation.

A molecule that is _____ loses electrons, and a molecule that is _____ gains electrons. [[bsi__A5D92506__6F63__412C__A0AA__088DCF69AE9B]] Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. reduced; oxidized negative; positive oxidized; reduced weak; polar None of the other answer options is correct.

oxidized; reduced

A single molecule of glucose requires _____ "turn(s)" through the citric acid cycle for its chemical energy to be completely harvested. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. 1 2 5 4 3

2

Which best describes energy production during cellular respiration? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. A small amount of energy is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation; most is produced by oxidative phosphorylation. A small amount of energy is produced by oxidative phosphorylation; most is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. An equal amount is produced by oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation. It depends on the organism. Some produce most of their energy by substrate-level phosphorylation, and some produce most of their energy by oxidative phosphorylation. None of the other answer options is correct.

A small amount of energy is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation; most is produced by oxidative phosphorylation.

For the potential energy of a proton gradient to be converted to the chemical energy of ATP, the movement of protons down their electrochemical gradient must be coupled with ATP synthesis. This coupling is made possible by: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. coenzyme Q. ATP synthase. cytochrome c. oxygen. protein complex IV.

ATP synthase.

The reaction of iron with oxygen to form iron oxide is an example of an oxidation-reduction reaction: 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3. In this reaction ______BLANK loses electrons and is _________BLANK. Question 1 choices Choice A., O2; oxidized Choice B., Fe; oxidized Choice C., O2; reduced Choice D., Fe; reduced Choice E., Fe2O3; reduced

Choice B., Fe; oxidized

Recall that fatty acids (like palmitic acid) can yield substantially more ATP when compared with glucose. Why doesn't aerobic respiration rely solely on fatty acids as energy sources, rather than glucose? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Fatty acids cannot be used by some vital tissues in the human body, such as the brain. Fatty acids are rare in the environment and cannot be readily acquired from food sources. Aerobic respiration usually does rely on fatty acids in other mammals; however, humans are unique due to their relatively recent appearance on Earth. Beta-oxidation—the process by which fatty acids are broken down—requires a great deal of ATP and is not an energy-efficient process for cells. Fatty acids cannot be used to generate acetyl-CoA, and so cannot tie into the later stages of aerobic respiration.

Fatty acids cannot be used by some vital tissues in the human body, such as the brain.

Imagine that a eukaryotic cell carries a mutation impairing its ability to phosphorylate glucose during glycolysis. What is a likely result of this mutation? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. High (possibly toxic) levels of glucose would accumulate in the cell. Because phosphorylation stabilizes glucose, glucose would spontaneously form pyruvate. Glucose could move out of the cell, slowing cellular respiration. Without the phosphorylation of glucose, glycolysis would consist entirely of exergonic reactions. More pyruvate would be formed at the end of glycolysis.

Glucose could move out of the cell, slowing cellular respiration.

Which of the following statements is true regarding a reducing agent? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. It is usually oxygen. It loses electrons. It gains electrons. It is an electron acceptor. It is never oxidized.

It loses electrons.

When a single pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA, the other products of the reaction are: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. ATP and NADH. Pi and FADH2. NADH and CO2. FADH2 and ATP. CO2 and ATP.

NADH and CO2.

The inputs to glycolysis do not include: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. NAD+. ADP. Pi. glucose. NADH.

NADH.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO2+ 6H2O + energy? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. The oxygen atoms in both CO2 and H2O are electronegative. In the production of CO2 from glucose, the oxygen atoms lose electrons and the carbon atom is oxidized. The oxygen atoms in both CO2 and H2O are electronegative, and glucose is considered a reducing agent. Glucose could be considered a reducing agent. The movement of hydrogen atoms in reactions involving C6H12O6 and H2O yields no information regarding the movement of electrons.

The oxygen atoms in both CO2 and H2O are electronegative, and glucose is considered a reducing agent.

Energy released by transferring electrons along the electron transport chain is stored as potential energy in the form of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. ATP. coenzyme Q. redox couples. a proton gradient. ATP synthase.

a proton gradient.

Glycolysis is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. aerobic. anaerobic. aerobic in some organisms but anaerobic in others. aerobic in some tissues but anaerobic in others. None of the other answer options is correct.

anaerobic

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in: Select all that apply. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. animals and plants. plants and bacteria. bacteria and animals. fungi and bacteria. animals and fungi.

bacteria and animals.

Phosphorylating glucose during phase 1 of glycolysis: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. releases phosphorylated glucose from cells. destabilizes the glucose molecule so that it can be broken down in phase 2. provides electrons to reduce NAD+ in phase 3. provides electrons to reduce FADH in phase 3. None of the other answer options is correct.

destabilizes the glucose molecule so that it can be broken down in phase 2.

In the first three stages of cellular respiration, the chemical energy in glucose is transferred to: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. electron carriers and ATP. ATP and cytochrome b. proton pumps and ATP. cytochrome b and coenzyme Q. only coenzyme Q.

electron carriers and ATP.

The proteins of the electron transport chain are: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. embedded in the outer mitochondrial membrane. located in the intermembrane space of mitochondria. embedded in both mitochondrial membranes. located in the mitochondrial matrix.

embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

By the time pyruvate is formed, most of the energy contained in glucose has been released. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. true false

false

During the action of ATP synthase, the kinetic energy of the proton gradient is transformed into potential energy. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. true false

false

Fermentation produces nearly two times as much ATP as aerobic respiration, which explains why it is a preferred pathway for bacteria. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. true false

false

In a plant cell, all stages of cellular respiration are carried out in the cytoplasm. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. true false

false

When glucose is broken down in a cell, all of the energy it stores is released simultaneously, not in a stepwise process. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. true false

false

Which was likely the first of the following metabolic pathways or structures to evolve? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. fermentation the citric acid cycle electron transport complexes I, II, and III ATP synthase All of these choices are correct.

fermentation

In cellular respiration, oxygen: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. gains electrons and is an oxidizing agent. loses electrons and is a reducing agent. gains electrons and is a reducing agent. loses electrons and is an oxidizing agent. None of the other answer options is correct.

gains electrons and is an oxidizing agent.

Fermentation takes place: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. in the cytoplasm. on the outer mitochondrial membrane. in the intermembrane space of mitochondria. on the inner mitochondrial membrane. in the mitochondrial matrix.

in the cytoplasm.

Due to the pumping action of the electron transport chain, protons have a high concentration in the _____ and a low concentration in the _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. intermembrane space; mitochondrial matrix intermembrane space; cytoplasm mitochondrial matrix; intermembrane space mitochondrial matrix; extracellular fluid mitochondrial matrix; cytoplasm

intermembrane space; mitochondrial matrix

Starting with glycolysis, lactic acid and ethanol fermentation generate only two ATP molecules per glucose molecule. The remaining chemical energy from the glucose is found primarily in: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. NADH. GTP. lactic acid and ethanol. FADH2. CO2.

lactic acid and ethanol.

During pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate is broken down into CO2 and an acetyl group. The CO2 is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. less oxidized than the acetyl group. more reduced than the acetyl group. more energetic than the acetyl group. less energetic than the acetyl group. None of the other answer options is correct.

less energetic than the acetyl group.

In eukaryotes, pyruvate oxidation takes place in the: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. inner mitochondrial membrane. intermembrane space of mitochondria. mitochondrial matrix. outer mitochondrial membrane. cytoplasm.

mitochondrial matrix.

In eukaryotes, pyruvate oxidation takes place in the: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. inner mitochondrial membrane. intermembrane space of mitochondria. mitochondrial matrix. outer mitochondrial membrane. cytoplasm.

mitochondrial matrix.

The citric acid cycle is a cycle because the starting molecule, _____, is regenerated at the end. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. pyruvate oxaloacetate acetyl-CoA fructose 6-diphosphate citrate

oxaloacetate

Which of the following is not an end product for an acetyl group that enters the citric acid cycle? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. NADH ATP CO2 FADH2 oxaloacetate

oxaloacetate

During fermentation, pyruvate is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. hydrogenated. reduced. phosphorylated. oxidized. carboxylated.

reduced

The _____ forms of the electron carriers NAD+/NADH and FADH/FADH2 have high potential energy. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. oxidized reduced phosphorylated carboxylated None of the other answer options is correct.

reduced

Fermentation occurs in: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. some aerobic organisms, such as yeast, even in the presence of oxygen. only in bacteria and plants. anaerobic organisms only.

some aerobic organisms, such as yeast, even in the presence of oxygen.

Recall that the citric acid cycle starts with a four-carbon molecule, but that most of its intermediates are molecules that contain six carbons. How is this possible? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. through the reaction of malate and oxaloacetate through the reaction of malate and fumarate through the reaction of citrate and cis-aconitate through the reaction of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate through the reaction of succinate and succinyl-CoA

through the reaction of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate

Although cellular respiration is typically thought of as an aerobic process, glycolysis itself is actually anaerobic. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. true false

true

The ATP produced during glycolysis is the result of substrate-level phosphorylation. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. true false

true

Which of the following is not one of the net final products of glycolysis? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. two molecules of NADH two molecules of acetyl-CoA two molecules of ATP two molecules of pyruvate

two molecules of acetyl-CoA

At the end of glycolysis, the carbon molecules originally found in the starting glucose molecule are in the form of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. two pyruvate molecules. one pyruvate molecule. two NADH molecules. two ATP molecules. four ATP molecules.

two pyruvate molecules.

Another name for acetyl-CoA synthesis, is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. substrate-level phosphorylation. pyruvate oxidation. oxidative phosphorylation. pyruvate reduction. glycolysis.

pyruvate oxidation.

In the absence of oxygen, fermentation: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. regenerates NAD+ from the reduction of pyruvate. regenerates NAD+ from the oxidation of pyruvate. generates ATP from the oxidation of pyruvate. generates ATP from the reduction of pyruvate. None of the other answer options is correct.

regenerates NAD+ from the reduction of pyruvate.

Beta-oxidation of fatty acids does not directly produce: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. electrons transferred to NAD+. acetyl-CoA. electrons transferred to FADH. ATP.

ATP

The reaction of iron with oxygen to form iron oxide is an example of an oxidation-reduction reaction: 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3. In this reaction each iron atom will: Question 3 choices Choice A., gain an oxygen. Choice B., gain 3 electrons. Choice C., lose 3 electrons. Choice D., gain 1.5 electrons. Choice E., lose 1.5 electrons.

Choice C., lose 3 electrons.

During pyruvate oxidation, which of the following also occur(s)? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the formation of NADH the oxidation of pyruvate the formation of acetyl-CoA the formation of CO2 All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following statements are true regarding pyruvate oxidation? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. This process occurs within the matrix of mitochondria. This process constitutes the second stage of cellular respiration. The process produces both CO2 and acetyl-CoA. The process yields no ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation. All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is an electron carrier in many important cellular reactions. It exists in an oxidized form (NAD+) and a reduced form (NADH). Identify the missing component in the following reaction. NAD+ + ____BLANK + H+ → NADH Question 4 choices Choice A., H2O Choice B., O2 Choice C., 2e- Choice D., 4e- Choice E., heat

Choice C., 2e-

The reaction of iron with oxygen to form iron oxide is an example of an oxidation-reduction reaction: 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3. In this reaction ______BLANK gains electrons and is _________BLANK. Question 2 choices Choice A., O2; oxidized Choice B., Fe; oxidized Choice C., O2; reduced Choice D., Fe; reduced Choice E., Fe2O3; reduced

Choice C., O2; reduced

_____ is found in animals, and possesses a large, central protein. _____ is found in plants, and lacks a central protein. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Glycogen; Starch Glycogen; Glycogen also Starch; Starch also Starch; Glycogen

Glycogen; Starch

Which of the following best describes how ATP synthase converts the potential energy of the proton gradient to the chemical energy of ATP? Do protons flow through the Fo or F1? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Kinetic energy from the flow of protons is converted to the kinetic energy of rotation of the Fo subunit; the rotation of the Fo subunit leads to rotation of the F1 subunit, which can then catalyze ATP synthesis. The flow of protons through the F0 subunit reduces the F1 subunit, which allows ADP to be oxidized to ATP. The flow of protons through the F0 subunit oxidizes the F1 subunit, which allows ADP to be reduced to ATP. Kinetic energy from the flow of protons is stored in a new electrochemical gradient within the F0 subunit. The potential energy of the electrochemical gradient, in turn, is converted to kinetic energy in the F1 subunit and used to catalyze ATP synthesis. None of the other answer options is correct.

Kinetic energy from the flow of protons is converted to the kinetic energy of rotation of the Fo subunit; the rotation of the Fo subunit leads to rotation of the F1 subunit, which can then catalyze ATP synthesis.

Which of the following statements is true regarding pyruvate and glucose? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Glucose easily passes in and out of mitochondria, and can often be found in the mitochondrial matrix. Pyruvate is typically "trapped" in the intermembrane space of mitochondria, where it is oxidized to form acetyl-CoA. Glucose and pyruvate are remarkably similar in structure, with both molecules possessing a ring shape. Both glucose and pyruvate can feed directly into the citric acid cycle, although acetyl-CoA is the preferred reactant for this process. None of the other answer options is correct.

None of the other answer options is correct.

A researcher is studying a population of bacteria that carry out the citric acid cycle, but do so in reverse. What statements are likely true of these bacteria? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. These bacteria carry out cellular respiration in their mitochondria. These bacteria will release CO2 as a waste product. An individual bacterium will produce most of its energy by means of the citric acid cycle. These bacteria will release CO2 as a waste product and will carry out cellular respiration within their mitochondria. These bacteria will produce sugars from intermediates of the citric acid cycle.

These bacteria will produce sugars from intermediates of the citric acid cycle.

The breakdown of fatty acids takes place by a process called: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. glycolysis. beta-oxidation. oxidative phosphorylation. pyruvate oxidation. electron transport.

beta-oxidation.

How did the earliest organisms on Earth most likely produce ATP? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. by pyruvate oxidation by glycolysis by oxidative phosphorylation by the citric acid cycle

by glycolysis

Cellular respiration is a series of _____ reactions. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. anabolic catabolic glycolytic phosphorylation carboxylation

catabolic

During what phase of glycolysis is NADH formed? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. during phase 1, when glucose is phosphorylated during phase 2, when glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is formed during phase 3, when glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is phosphorylated during phase 3, when pyruvate is finally formed during phase 1, when fructose 1,6-biphosphate is formed

during phase 3, when glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is phosphorylated

The first phase of glycolysis requires the input of two ATP molecules. It is therefore: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. None of the other answer options is correct. exergonic. endergonic. oxidative. reducing.

endergonic

The chemical bonds of carbohydrates and lipids have high potential energy because: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. they are strong oxidizing agents. they are strong reducing agents. many of these bonds are C—C and C—H bonds. they are easy to phosphorylate. they are easy to hydrolyze.

many of these bonds are C—C and C—H bonds.

The citric acid cycle takes place in the: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. inner mitochondrial membrane. cytoplasm. outer mitochondrial membrane. intermembrane space of mitochondria. mitochondrial matrix.

mitochondrial matrix.

In what organelle is pyruvate oxidation carried out in a cell? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. chloroplast nucleus mitochondrion Golgi apparatus endoplasmic reticulum

mitochondrion

In cellular respiration, glucose is _____ to CO2 and oxygen is _____ to water. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. oxidized; reduced reduced; oxidized deoxygenated; phosphorylated phosphorylated; deoxygenated oxidized; oxidized

oxidized; reduced

When an electron is transferred from NADH to CoQ, NADH is _____ and CoQ is _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. oxidized; reduced reduced; oxidized oxidized; oxidized reduced; reduced

oxidized; reduced

In the second phase of glycolysis: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. ATP is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation. phosphate groups are added to glucose. phosphorylated sugar molecule is cleaved and the products rearranged. NAD+ is reduced to NADH. ATP is generated by oxidative phosphorylation.

phosphorylated sugar molecule is cleaved and the products rearranged. =

In glycolysis, ATP is synthesized by: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. redox reactions. oxidative phosphorylation. substrate-level phosphorylation. both substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation. electron carriers.

substrate-level phosphorylation.

Which of the following processes produces the highest number of reduced electron carriers and thus the greatest amount of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the citric acid cycle glycolysis pyruvate oxidation glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are tied for ATP production None of the other answer options is correct.

the citric acid cycle

Which is the only reaction in the citric acid cycle that produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the formation of succinate the formation of malate the formation of fumarate the formation of citrate the formation of oxaloacetate

the formation of succinate

We can tell from their structure that fatty acids are a good source of energy because of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the high potential energy of the carboxylic acid group. the large number of carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds they contain. their hydrophobic nature conferred by their chemical formula. their three-dimensional bonding structure. None of the other answer options is correct.

the large number of carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds they contain.

Although glycolysis produces four molecules of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, the net gain of ATP for the cell is two molecules. This is due to the fact that glycolysis is—at first—endergonic. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. true false

true

The ATP produced during glycolysis is the result of substrate-level phosphorylation. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. true false

true