Chapter 7: Leadership
What are the five most primary traits of a leader?
A high level of personal drive, the desire to lead, personal integrity, self-confidence, and authenicity
Definition of task-oriented.
Accomplishing objectives by clarifying, planning, and monitoring operations; problem solving.
Definition of glass ceiling.
An invisible barrier that has prevented many females from reaching important positions.
Definition of consultative leaderships.
Approach one or more employees and ask them for input prior to making a decision.
Definition of leader-member relations.
Are determined by the manner in which in which the leader is accepted by the group.
Definition of enhancers for leadership.
Are elements that amplify a leader's impact on the employees, such as superordinate groups, increased group status, and source of information supply.
What are the five autocratic and consultative leadership styles related to decision-making model?
Autocratic 1, Autocratic 2, consultative 1, consultative 2, and group 2
Definition of autocratic leaders.
Centralize power and decision making in themselves.
Definition of leader position power.
Describes the organization power that goes with the position the leader occupies. Examples are power to hire and fire, status symbols, and power to give pay raises and promotions.
Definition of situational leadership model.
Developed by Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard, suggests that the most important factor affecting the selection of a leader's style is the development (maturity) level of a subordinate.
What are the four alternative styles to path-goal model?
Directive, supportive, achievement, participative leadership
Definition of substitutes of leadership.
Factors that make up leadership roles unnecessary through replacing them with other sources.
Who built an important contingency model?
Fred Fiedler
Who developed a taxonomy of leadership behaviors?
Gary Yukl
Definition of intentionality.
Having a sense of intended outcomes so that the purpose is clear.
Definition of taxonomy of leadership behaviors.
Identifies four major categories and fifteen component behaviors: task-oriented, relations-oriented, change-oriented, and external oriented.
Definition of negative leadership.
If emphasis is placed on threats, fear, harshness, intimidation, and penalties.
Definition of willingness to accept the influence of others.
If this variable is high, a directive approach will be more successful; if it low, a participative style is more appropriate.
Definition of relations-oriented.
Improving human capital by supporting, developing, recognizing and empowering people.
Definition of decision-quality dimensions (DMM).
Include cost considerations and the availability of information and whether or not the problem is structured.
Definition of employee-acceptance dimensions (DMM).
Include the need for their commitment, their prior approval, the congruence of their goals with the organization's objectives, and the likelihood of conflict among the employees.
Definition of inclusion.
Increasing emotional engagement by soliciting the knowledge, ideas, and reactions of others.
Definition of consultative 1
Leader explains problem to individual subordinates and obtains ideas from each before deciding.
Definition of autocratic 1.
Leader individually solves the problem using the information already available.
Definition of consultative 2.
Leader meets with group of subordinates to share the problem and obtain inputs, and then decides.
Definition of group 2.
Leader shares problem with group and facilitates a discussion of alternatives and a reaching of group agreement on a solution.
Definition of narcissism.
Leaders become filled with their own importance, exaggerate their own achievements, seek out special favors, and exploit others for their personal gain.
Definition of autocratic 2.
Leaders obtains data fro subordinates and then decides.
Definition of coach.
Means that the leader prepares, guides, and directs a player but does not play the game.
Definition of alpha dogs.
People who are intensely aggressive, egocentric, domineering, and controlling.
What are some advantages to autocratic leadership?
Permits quick decision, allows the employment of less competent subordinates, and provides security and structure for employees.
Definition of traits.
Physical, intellectual, or personality characteristics.
Definition of interactivity.
Promoting open and fluid dialogue between two parties.
Definition of technical skill.
Refers to a person's knowledge of, and ability in, any type of process or technique.
Definition of locus of control.
Refers to alternative beliefs about whether an employee's achievements are the product of his or her own effort.
Definition of task structure.
Reflect the degree to which one specific way is required to do the job.
Definition of path-goal leadership.
States that the leader's job is to use structure, support, and rewards to create a work environment that helps employees reach the organization's goals.
Definition of change-oriented.
Stimulating creativity, mutual learning, and environmental adaptation by envisioning, advocating, and encouraging change.
Definition of conceptual skill.
The ability to think in terms of models, frameworks, and broad relationships, such as long-range plans.
Definition of human skill.
The ability to work effectively with people and to build teamwork.
Definition of supportive leadership.
The leader demonstrates concern for employees well-being and needs, while trying to create a pleasant work environment.
Definition of directive leadership.
The leader focuses on clear task assignments, standards of successful performance, and work schedules.
Definition of participative leadership.
The leader invites employees to provide input to decisions, and seriously seeks to use their suggestions as final decisions are made.
Definition of achievement-oriented leadership.
The leaders sets high expectations for employees, communicates confidence in their ability to achieve challenging goals, and enthusiastically models the desired behavior.
Definition of leadership.
The process of influencing and supporting others (both individually and collectively) to work enthusiastically toward achieving shared objectives.
Definition of leadership style.
The total pattern of explicit and implicit leaders' actions as seen by employees.
Definition of contingency model.
These models state that the most appropriate style of leadership depends on an analysis of the nature of the situation facing the leaders.
Definition of visionary leaders.
Those who can paint a portrait of what the organization needs to become and then use their communication skills to motivate others to achieve the vision.
Who developed a decision-making model for selecting among various degrees of leadership style?
V. H. Vrrom
Definition of task support.
When they help assemble the resources, budgets, power, and other elements that are essential to get the job done.
Definition of internal locus.
Which is more compatible with a participative style
Definition of external locus.
Which is more receptive to a directive approach.
Contingency approaches are ---.
analytical
What is Fiedler's contingency model?
based on the premise that a leader's effectiveness is contingent on the extent to which a leader's style fits or matches characteristics of the situation at hand
Definition of negative followership.
competition, uncritical, rebellion, and passivity
The most successful managers are those who combine relatively high consideration and structure, giving somewhat more emphasis to ---.
consideration
Two different leadership styles used with employees are --- and ---, also known as employee orientation and task orientation.
consideration; structure
Managers achieve results by directing the activities of others, whereas leaders...
create vision and inspire others to achieve this vision and to stretch themselves beyond their normal capabilities.
Behavioral approaches are ---.
descriptive
In formal organization of several levels, ability to follow (--- ---) is one of the first requirements for good leadership.
dynamic subordinancy
Definition of self-perceived task.
employees who have high confidence in their potential will react most favorably to a supportive leader. Alternatively, employees lacking a perception of their own task ability will more likely embrace an achievement-oriented leader.
Considerate leaders are concerned about the...
human needs of their employees.
Conceptual skills deals with ---, whereas human skill concerns ---, and technical skills involve ---.
ideas; people; and things
The primary role of a leader is to...
influence others to voluntarily seek defined objectives.
What are three important elements in leadership?
influence/support, voluntary effort, and achievement.
Positive leaders are also more likely to use a conversational approach to their communications, characterized by four primary features:
intimacy, interactivity, inclusion, and intentionality
What are three goals of the path-goal leadership model?
job satisfaction, acceptance of the leader, and greater motivation.
Fiedler shows that a leader's effectiveness is determined by the interaction of employee orientation with three additional variables that relate to the followers, the task, and the organization:
leader-member relations, task structure, and leader position power.
Definition of psychological support.
leaders must stimulate people to want to do the job and attend to their emotional needs.
What three elements determine appropriate leadership behavior?
leaders, followers, and situations
Definition of positive followership.
loyal and supportive, actively engaged, acting as a devil's advocate, constructively constructing the leader's ideas, ethical values, actions, & anticipating potential problems
Definition of workplace bullies.
negative leaders.
What are the three broad types of skills?
technical, human, and conceptual
Hersey and Blanchard use a combination of guidance and supportive (also called task and relationships) orientations to create four major styles:
telling, selling (coaching), participating (supporting), and delegating
Definition of sensemaking.
the process of finding order in complex or ambiguous situations, requiring situational awareness, data gathering from multiple sources, the two-way act of fitting data into a mental model and/or adapting a mental framework to fit the data, and checking with others on an ongoing basis to gain from their perspectives.
Definition of developmental level.
the task-specific combination of an employee's task competence and motivation to perform (commitment).
Definition of neutralizers.
these are attributes of subordinates, tasks, and organizations that actually interfere with or diminish the leader's attempts to influence the employees. They include physical distance, rigid reward systems, and a practice of bypassing the managers by either subordinates or superiors.
Definition of participative leaders.
they decentralize authority and take suggestions and ideas from followers.
Structured leaders believe that...
they get results by keeping people constantly busy, closely monitoring employee actions, ignoring personal issues and emotions, and urging them to produce at ever-higher levels.
Definition of intimacy.
using physical and emotional proximity to get close to the employees; gaining trust, listening well, and soliciting feedback
The three specific areas that most managers admit need coaching in are:
(1) improving their interaction style (2) dealing more effectively with change (3) developing their listening and speaking skills