Chapter 7 Navigation
When tracking to an NDB on a heading of 180 degrees in a no-wind condition, the ADF needle of a fixed card indicator will show _________.
0 degrees
If you are flying on a magnetic heading of 020 and your bearing pointer is 030 to the right of the nose, what is your magnetic bearing to the station?
050
What are things to think about when using pilotage?
1) easily identifiable checkpoints 2) direct or indirect 3) go around, under or through airspace 4) alternate recovery fields
The HVOR is effective to various ranges and most airways are defined by HVORs that have a maximum reception range of ________________.
130 nautical miles
If the winds are no more than 30 knots and it has been 30 minutes since the last known check point, the radius for the circle of error should be approximately ___________________.
15 nautical miles
To find the reciprocal bearing, first determine the magnetic bearing, then find the reciprocal bearing by adding or subtracting ____________ from the magnetic bearing.
180 degrees
Assume you are making a flight between Akron Airport and Meadowlake Airport. Use the following values for calculating your true heading and groundspeed: True airspeed - 120 kts. True course -190 degrees True wind direction - 270 degrees Wind speed -12 knots Determine your true heading __________ Determine your groundspeed ___________
196 degrees, 117 knots
Transponders must be tested and inspected every _________________ for operations in controlled airspace.
24 calendar months
The TVOR provides terminal guidance and should not be used farther than ____________ from the station at altitudes below 1,000 feet AGL or above 12,000 feet AGL.
25 nautical miles
The LVOR can be used up to ___________ from the station at altitudes between 1,000 feet and 18,000 feet AGL.
40 nautical miles
emergency code- lost communications- hijacking-
7700,7600,7500
In order to use ADF, you must have an ________________.
ADF receiver
While airborne, you can calculate your _________________ and compare it to your estimated time to keep track of your flight's progress.
ATE (actual time enroute)
_______________ provides basic radar service, approved separation of aircraft based on IFR, VFR, and/or weight, and sequencing of VFR arrivals to the primary airport, or surrounding airports.
Class B service
_____________ provides in addition to basic radar service, approved separation between IFR and VFR aircraft, and sequencing of VFR aircraft, including sequencing of VFR arrivals to the primary airport.
Class C service
What is dead reckoning?
Dead reckoning is a technique of navigation based on calculations of time, speed, distance, and direction. These values allow you to predict the movement of your airplane along your intended route of flight.
How can you quickly determine distances when diverting to an alternate airport?
Distances can be determined by using a plotter, or by placing a finger or piece of paper between the two points and then measuring the approximate distance on the mileage scale at the bottom of the chart
By knowing the distance between checkpoints, along with your anticipated groundspeed, you can calculate the _____________ between them.
ETE (estimated time enroute)
An ADF is limited to line of sight, similar to VOR _______________
False
_______ creates a fix from satellites in view through triangulation.
GPS
A ________________ receiver gets position information in the form of latitude and longitude coordinates from a chain of low frequency (LF) transmitters.
LORAN
Long range navigation
LORAN
Your ADF is capable of receiving radio signals from ground facilities called _______________________ as well as commercial broadcast stations.
NDBs (nondirectional radio beacons)
What is pilotage?
Pilotage is a form of navigation by reference to landmarks. Flying by pilotage is accomplished by comparing symbols on aeronautical charts with their corresponding features on the ground. One advantage of pilotage is that it is relatively easy to perform and does not require special instruments. On the other hand, pilotage does have some disadvantages. For example, in areas where few prominent landmarks are present, pilotage can be difficult. Also, if haze, smoke, or fog reduces visibility, your ability to navigate by pilotage diminishes.
_________________ also called VFR radar advisory service, is intended to alert you to air traffic that is relevant to your route of flight.
Radar traffic information surface
In the ____________ position, the transponder is warmed up and ready for operation but does not reply to interrogations.
STANDBY
_____________ provides basic radar service, as well as sequencing of all IFR and participating VFR aircraft and separation between all participating VFR aircraft within the TRSA.
TRSA service
What is important to remember when selecting checkpoints?
Take a look at the "whole picture" and select checkpoints that are against a combination of ground features
Enroute VFR Radar Service is commonly referred to as ___________________.
VFR flight following
If an ATC facility cannot be reached or if radar services are not available, and FSS specialist may be able to assist you with a ____________________ which determines your direction from the FSS.
VHF direction finder
Discuss the reception limitations of VOR.
VOR is VHF and is line of sight
Determining your position with VOR naiads is called ______________________.
VOR orientation
The basic VOR station provides course guidance, while __________ and __________ facilities provide both course and distance information.
VOR/DME, VORTAC
________________ provides you with both course and distance information and allows you to fly to a predetermined point without overflying VOR/DME or VORTAC facilities.
VORTAC-based area navigation
Describe the characteristics of a good visual checkpoint.
When selecting checkpoints, you must attempt to pick those with distinctive features recognizable from the air. Although there are few specific rules to follow when selecting checkpoints, one general guideline is to avoid using any single landmark as a sole reference.
ATA
actual time of arrival
If the controller tells you to verify, you should respond __________________.
affirmative
Enroute VFR Radar Service (Flight Following) is offered by _____________________.
air route traffic control centers
When should you ask for DF assistance?
any time, but especially in an emergency
RNAV
area navigation
_____________ includes safety alerts, traffic advisories, limited radar vectoring when requested, and sequencing at locations with established procedures.
basic radar service
A ___________ is the horizontal direction to or from any point, which is measured clockwise through 360 degrees from magnetic north.
bearing
What indicates station passage for an ADF?
bearing pointer swings beyond 90 degrees either side of the aircraft's nose
By plotting a point based on the estimated distance and compass direction flown from the last noted checkpoint as thought there were no wind, you can determine the aircraft's position within a _________________. You must then check landmarks within this area.
circle of error
List several methods you can use to determine your position when you are unsure of your position.
circle of error, radio nav aids, ATC help, FSS direction finding assistance
What are the 4 C's?
climb , communicate, confess, and comply
What are the 4 C's?
climb, communicate, confess, comply
VORTAC-based RNAV uses a ________________ which permits you to create phantom stations for use in navigation.
courseline computer (CLC)
Because man-made structures change, you should always fly with __________ sectional charts.
current
Calculating time, speed, distance, and direction is a form of navigation called _______________.
dead reckoning
LORAN radio signals have a tendency to travel over land at _______________ because of obstacles, surface type, foliage, and weather.
different speeds
When unsure of your position, why shouldn't you change your heading immediately in the direction you think your course is?
don't panic and end up more disoriented
What is the first step in dead reckoning?
draw a line between departure and destination airports
ETA
estimated time of arrival
When diverting to an alternate, you should use ______________________ to determine heading, groundspeed, time enroute, and fuel requirements.
estimates, rules of thumb
What are the two types of bearing indicators?
fixed card and moveable card
If calculated _______, ________, or ___________ differ from actual, you must record the difference and recalculate.
fuel usage, groundspeed, heading
When using ADF, a procedure where you always keep the nose of the aircraft pointing directly at the station is called _____________.
homing
As you fly to a VOR station, you should first tune the VOR receiver to the proper frequency and __________ the station.
ident.
Flying from one radial to another is called _____________.
intercepting
What are a few constraints of planning in the cockpit while enroute?
limited cockpit space and available equipment as well s dividing your attention between making calculations, flying the aircraft, and scanning for other traffic
VOR is transmitted on a ________________ basis, so obstacles can limit reception signal.
line of sight
List the steps in determining your position relative to a VOR
listen to morse code identifier, choose from on CDI
LORAN
long range navigation
For LORAN or GPS based navigation systems, your position is defined in terms of ___________________.
longitude, latitude coordinates
How do you know if an ADF signal has been lost?
loss of morse code identifier/voice identifier
LORAN uses _______________ radio signals, therefore disturbances such as thunderstorms and precipitation can cause interference.
low frequency AM radio signals
The _________________ is the magnetic heading + the relative bearing.
magnetic bearing
To fly directly to an ADF station, you must add your ______________ to the relative bearing.
magnetic heading
Because the course line drawn on a chart is in relation to true north and you normally fly by _____________, you will need to correct for the __________ between the two.
magnetic reference, variation
The ____________ allows you to list information in a systematic fashion and helps you to keep track of the progress of your flight.
navigation log
To help with your flight planning and enroute calculations, use a ____________ to record data pertaining to your trip.
navigation log
When you have calculated groundspeed, you must next determine _________________________.
new arrival time and fuel consumption
The greatest hazard to discovering that you have not arrived at a given checkpoint is _______.
panic
Navigation by visual reference to landmarks is known as ________________.
pilotage
____________ is a form of navigation by visual reference to surface landmarks such as rivers, roads, or railroads.
pilotage
To locate your position using ADF, you need to determine the _________________ which is the position from the station.
reciprocal bearing
The fixed card bearing indicator measures _________________.
relative bearing
When the CDI deflects away from the course you want to follow, you are experiencing ______________.
reverse sensing
What are the three classes of VOR facilities?
terminal VOR (TVOR) , low altitude VOR (LVOR), high altitude VOR (HVOR)
What is relative bearing?
the angular difference between the airplane's longitudinal axis and a straight line drawn from the airplane to the station.
Dead reckoning is a type of navigation based on calculations of ______, _______, _______, and _______.
time, speed, distance, direction
When using ____________ to get to an ADF, you must factor in a WCA and use bracketing.
tracking
A course to an alternate can be determined with reasonable accuracy using a straight edge and a compass rose depicted on a sectional chart T/F
true
When unsure of your position you should continue to fly your original heading, if possible. T/F
true
The four variables required to solve for heading and groundspeed are __________, _________, ____________, and _____________.
true airspeed, course, wind direction, wind speed
What four variables are required to determine the aircraft heading and groundspeed?
true course, true airspeed, wind direction, wind speed
Given the following information: True airspeed -120 knots True course - 090 degrees True wind direction - 320 degrees Wind speed - 9 knots Determine your true heading and groundspeed
true heading - 087 degrees groundspeed - 126 knots
Isogonic lines printed on sectional charts show degrees of ________________.
variation
phantom stations are also called ___________
waypoints
When diverting course, use _________________ to calculate a heading and groundspeed.
winds aloft nearest to your diversion point
When selecting checkpoints, attempt to pick those that are easily recognizable from the air.
x
Explain VHF DF services.
you key your microphone, the FSS specialist will home your radio signal. It only provides direction
