Chapter 7 (Part 3: Axial Skeleton & Appendicular Skeleton)

Part 2- The Appendicular Skeleton: The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle= 10. Identify important bone markings on the pectoral girdle.

Scapula- Acromion, Coracoid Process, Glenoid Cavity, Spine, Supraspinous Fossa, Infraspinous Fossa Clavicle- Acromial End (Attaches to Scapula), Sternal End (Attaches to Sternum) Humerus- Greater Tubercle, Lesser Tubercle, Deltoid Tuberosity, etc.

The Skull: 4. Identify and explain function of various bone markings.

- Infraorbital foramen - Zygomatic Process - Temporal Process - Palatine (Maxilla) Process - Mandibular Condyle - Occipital Surface of various bones - Inferior Nasal Conchae etc. etc. STUDY PPT SLIDES.

The Skull: 2. Name, Describe, and Identify the SKULL BONES. Identify their important MARKINGS.

- Supraorbital notch - Frontal Bone: Forehead, roof of nasal cavity, roofs of orbits, frontal sinuses, supraorbital foramen - Parietal Bone: Sides & Roof of cranium, Sagittal Suture, Coronal Suture - Occipital Bone: What to know about this one? - Fontanels: Soft spots (fibrous membranes) that connect cranial bones, where intramembranous ossification is complete. - Temporal Bones: Sides & Base of cranium, Floors and sides of orbits, Squamous Suture - Sphenoid Bone: Base of cranium, Butterfly-shaped bone that spans the width of the middle cranial fossa and forms the central wedge that articulates with ALL OTHER cranial bones. - Ethmoid Bone: In front of Sphenoid, Deepest skull bone, Superior part of nasal septum, roof of nasal cavities. - Cranial Sutures: Coronal, Sagittal, Squamous, Lambdoid

The Vertebral Column: 6. Indicate a common function of the spinal curvatures and the intervertebral discs.

- The curvatures of the spine increase resiliency and flexibility of the spine. - Intervertebral Columns are cushion-like pads that act as shock absorbers and allow the spine to flex, extend, and bend laterally. Made up of what Tissues? FIBROCARTILAGE

The Thoracic Cage: 8. Name and describe the bones of the thoracic cage (bony thorax).

- True Ribs (vertebrosternal, 7 pairs) - False Ribs (5 pairs): Vertebrochondral Pairs (upper 3 pairs of false ribs), Floating ribs (vertebral, lower 2 pairs of false ribs)

The Vertebral Column: 5. Describe the structure of the Vertebral Column, list its components, and describe its curvatures (normal and abnormal).

- Vertebral Column consists of 26 irregular bones. - Has five major divisions: seven cervical, twelve thoracic, five lumbar, five fused vertebrae of the sacrum, and coccyx. Normal Curvatures: Cervical (secondary) and lumbar (secondary) curvatures are concave posteriorly, and the thoracic (primary) and sacral (primary) curvatures are convex posteriorly. ABNORMAL CURVATURES: Scoliosis- Abnormal lateral curvature. Kyphosis- (hunchback) Exaggerated thoracic curvature. Lordosis- (swayback) Accentuated lumbar curvature.

Part 1= The Axial Skeleton: 1. Name the major parts of the axial and appendicular skeletons and describe their relative functions.

Axial Skeleton: Consists of the skull, thoracic (rib) cage, vertebral column. - Skull: Forms framework of the face, contain cavities for special sense organs, provide openings for air and food passage, secures the teeth, and anchors muscles of facial expression. - Thoracic (rib) Cage: Protects internal organs such as lungs and heart, plays a role in breathing, supports pectoral girdle and upper limbs. - Vertebral Column: Forms vertical axis of skeleton, consists of many vertebrae separated by cartilaginous intervertebral discs, and connected by ligaments, supports head and trunk and permits several types of movements. Protects spinal cord in the vertebral column.

Part 2- The Appendicular Skeleton: The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle= 9. Identify bones forming the pectoral girdle and relate their structure and arrangement to the function of this girdle.

Consists of 2 clavicles and 2 scapulae: They atttach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton in a manner that allows for maximum movement.

Part 2- The Appendicular Skeleton: The Pelvic (Hip) Girdle= 11. Name the bones contributing to the pelvic girdle, and relate the pelvic girdle's strength to its function.

Consists of pelvic girdle, sacrum and coccyx. It supports the trunk of the body, protects viscera, transmits weight to lower limbs, and provides attachment for lower limbs.

The Skull: 3. Compare and contrast the major functions of the cranium and the facial skeleton.

Cranium: It supports and protects the internal special sense organs, and anchors muscles of facial expression. Facial Skeleton: Provides openings for air and food passage, secures the teeth, and protects internal special sense organs. - Facial Bones: Mandible, Maxillary Bones (2), Zygomatic Bones (2), Nasal Bones (2), Lacrimal Bones (2), Palatine Bones (2), Vomer, Inferior Nasal Conchae (2).

The Vertebral Column: 7. Discuss the Structure of a typical vertebra and describe regional features of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae.

Typical Vertebra contains the following parts: - Body, Pedicles, Laminae, Spinous Process, Transverse Processes, Vertebral Foramen, Facets, Superior and Inferior Articular Processes - Cervical Vertebra: Smallest vertebra, has Bifid Spinus Processes and Vertebral Prominens - Thoracic Vertebra: Larger than cervical vertebra, articulate with ribs at facets, Long spinous process that points inferiorly - Lumbar Vertebra: Large bodies, thick short spinous processes- hatchet shaped, spinous processes are thick, almost horizontal.