Chapter 7 PSY

____ is a form of communication that is based on a system of symbols.

Language

Infinite ____ is the ability to produce an infinite number of meaningful sentences.

generativity

Walt was worried about his performance on an exam. After he saw that he had earned an A grade on the exam, his roommate told him that he knew Walt would earn an A, even though the roommate hadn't said anything about this in the days before the test. Walt's roommate is illustrating ____ _____ , which is sometimes called the "I knew it all along" effect.

hindsight bias

After hearing someone answer a trivia question, you muse to yourself, "I knew the answer to that question." The tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we can accurately predict an outcome or answer is known as which of the following?

hindsight bias

In decades past, behaviorist psychologists claimed that language learning was the result of chains of responses that occurred through behavioral ____ (reward).

reinforcement

On Monday when you asked your friend if you should dump the person you're dating, she said yes. Now on Wednesday, she says no. Since you asked her twice and got two different answers, in terms of validity and reliability, her advice is not ____

reliable

A researcher creates a new intelligence test. She gives the same test to a subject on three separate occasions, and the subject gets the same score each time. The researcher then realizes that the test is measuring personality, not intelligence. What describes the researcher's test?

reliable but not valid

A testing center administers tests for all students taking a specific math class. The testing center gives each student the same instructions and the same amount of time, and uses the same rubric for grading. The center is exhibiting _____ in administering the tests.

standardization

Norman is administering tests for a group of students in different classes. In each class, he gives the students the same instructions and the same amount of time, and he uses the same rubric for grading. Norman is exhibiting _____ in administering the tests.

standardization

We use _____—symbols, signs, or sounds arranged according to systematic rules—to communicate our ideas.

language

As compared to reasoning, decision making is

more uncertain

One feature of human language that separates it from animal language is that humans have the capacity to talk about which of the following?

objects that are no longer present

What is infinite generativity?

the ability of language to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences

Which of the following provides evidence for the idea of universals in language development?

the fact that most children in the world reach language milestones at around the same time and in the same order

When cognitive psychologists compare the brain to a computer, they explain that

the physical brain is like hardware and cognition is like software.

Socioeconomic status as a factor in language development is related to which of the following?

the sheer number of words children are exposed to in affluent compared to less-affluent families

Sternberg's ____ theory of intelligence states that intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical.

triarchic

As compared to decision making, reasoning

uses established rules to make decisions.

For late second-language learners it is easiest to learn new

vocabulary

Intuitive processing plays an important role in decision making.

True

____ refers to the way in which information is processed and manipulated in thinking, remembering, and knowing.

Cognition

Socioeconomic status does not have an impact on language development.

False

____ is a statistic that provides information about a group, not a single person.

Heritability

Which of the following is the correct interpretation of heritability information?

Heritability provides information about groups, not individuals.

Which of the following statements about the use of race to make group assumptions about intelligence is correct?

Race is a social category and is not a good indicator of a person's genetic heritage.

Which of the following is evidence for the behaviorists' view of language development?

The more parents speak to a child, the better the child is at acquiring language.

According to one study, children in affluent families tend to hear significantly more language in the home compared to children in poorer families.

True

Which of the following is an example of confirmation bias?

a liberal person avoiding discussion of serious issues with people who are conservative

Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence consists of

analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.

Gut feelings are the product of which of the following?

automatic processes implicit memory learned associations

The ____ heuristic is a prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of imagining similar events.

availability

Trevor was driving to work and saw another driver pulled over and receiving a ticket for speeding. Trevor drove carefully the rest of the way to work, thinking that "everybody is getting ticketed today." This is an example of the ___ heuristic.

availability

Research on environmental factors in intelligence suggest that environmental factors

can impact IQ scores considerably.

Noam Chomsky argued that

children are biologically prewired to learn language.

When cognitive psychologists compare the brain to a(n) ____ , they explain that the brain is like hardware and cognitive processes are like software.

computer

If you avoid talking with people who disagree with you on various issues but you discuss those same topics with people who agree with you, you are displaying the _____ bias.

confirmation

Children's ability to pronounce words with a nativelike accent in a second language _____ with age.

decreases

Whereas most people think of intelligence in terms of genetics, researchers agree that modifications in a person's ____ can change their IQ score considerably.

environment

State laws that allowed people who were judged mentally deficient on an IQ test to be sterilized are associated with which of the following?

eugenics

Which of the following refers to the belief in the possibility of improving the human species by discouraging reproduction among those with less desirable characteristics and enhancing reproduction among those with more desirable characteristics?

eugenics

Differences in IQ scores between Black and white Americans are the result of differences in

experiences

Chimpanzees are capable of communicating the previous location of a desired object.

false