Chapter 7 PSYC

2 groups in theissen hill saffran exp

1 heard exaggerated pitch contours of ID speech 1 heard monotone ad speech taught infants nonsense words (dibo, kuda)

cognitive processes that underlie creative thinking

1. analogy 2. conceptual combination 3. conceptual expansion

problems with intelligence

1. role of multiple intelligences? 2. importance of culture and race- intell tests are culture-biased (minority groups can perform worse in a society than majority groups) 3. nature or nurture?

Noam Chomsky

1965 named language acquisition device inborn foundations for universal grammar plus the necessary mechanisms for learning rules or specific culture's language mechanism in brain allows language to develop

Theissen, Hill and Saffran

2005 will infants learn more easily from ID speech or AD speech taught babies nonsense words using id and ad speech

multiple intelligences

Gardner there are diff types of intelligences that vary from person to person distinct types of intelligences that characterize diff forms of intelligent behavior

intelligence quotient

IQ measure of intelligence based on performance on tests of mental abilities ratio bw ones mental age and chronological age or derived from deviation of ones scores from the norms for those of ones age group average score is 100

Wechsler scales

WAIS- wechsler adult intelligence scale WISC- wechsler intelligence scale for children standardized scoring- compare your score to those from a large sample of individuals of the same age mean= 100, st dev = 15

dyslexia

a learning disorder characterized by impaired ability to read

heuristics

a rapid form of reasoning that uses mental shortcuts to reduce complex judgments to more simple rules of thumb rule of thumb for solving problems or making judgements or decisions dont guarantee a solution

practical intelligence

ability to apply what we know to everyday life common sense or "street smarts" traditional intelligence tests fail to measure

heuristic trade off

accuracy

2 problem solving strategies

algorithms heuristics

creative intelligence

allows us to invent new ways of solving unfamiliar problems

sternberg's 3 aspects of intelligence

analytic creative practical

convergent thinking

attempt to find the one correct answer to a problem narrow down range of alternatives to converge on the one correct answer

4 to 6 months

babbling repeated consonant and vowels phonemes- basic units of sound appear

phenomes

basic units of sound in a language elementary vowel and consonant sounds make up morphemes are learned first- vowels learned first English has about 40 phonemes ex: dog- "d", "au", "g" both individual letters and letter combinations

cognitive psychology

branch of psyc that focuses on mental processes such as thinking, problem solving, decision making and use of language

intelligence

capacity to think and reason clearly and to act purposefully and effectively in adapting to the environment and pursuing ones goals

naturalist

categories in nature

language acquisition device

chomsky's concept of an innate, prewired mechanism in the brain that allows children to acquire language naturally innate mechanism hardwired in the brain that children naturally acquire language

nonverbal reasoning

circles that are red, blue, red, blue ???? what comes next looking at pictures and seeing what comes next

conceptual combination

combining two or more concepts to result in novel ideas that reflect more than sum of the parts combinations of two or more concepts into one concept

logical concepts

concepts w clearly defined rules for membership triangle applies to any three-sided figure

2 months

cooing, repeated vowels "aah" and "oooh"

heritability

degree to which heredity accounts for variations on a given trait within a population IQ has heritability of about 50 percent- genetics explains about 50 percent of differences among people in IQ scores

underextension

do not generalize a words usage enough not using words broadly enough horses are animals but birds are not

means-end heuristic

evaluate our current situation and compare it with the end result we want to achieve

conceptual expansion

expanding familiar concepts by applying them to new uses

why use heuristics

faster less effort required can be more efficient conditions: time pressure, complexity of situation, volume of information

adult directed (AD) speech

faster rate lower frequency monotone

12 months

first words 15-20 months rate accelerates can understand some words and begin to say single words

decision making

form of problem solving in which we must select a course of action from among available alternatives

problem solving

form of thinking focused on finding a solution to a particular problem trial and error insight- pops into your head suddenly

intellectural disabililty

generalized deficit or impairment in intellectual and social skills formerly called mental retardation psych disorder in which there is a general delay in development of intellectual and social skills has iq score of approx 70 or below

triarchic theory of intelligence

holds that intelligence has 3 aspects sternberg's theory

results of theissen

infants who heard ID speech preferred words to part words looked at light when nonsense words were played infants who heard AD speech showed no preference for words over part words babies learn better when using ID- helps them to learn words looked at light more when words played

standford-binet tests

iq= intelligence quotient mental age/actual age x 100= IQ consists of memory tasks and other short tasks representing kinds of everyday problems children might encounter

ind var and dependent var in theissen

iv= id or ad speech dv= eye gaze (videotaped), preference for words over part words would they look more at lagoti than gola? had a light on when sound heard expect looking behavior to increase w words if baby has learned nonsense language

lingustic

languages

2-5 years

learn 10+ words a day 4-5 years full sentence structure

8 diff intelligences

linguistic logical-mathematical musical spatial bodily-kinesthetic interpersonal intrapersonal naturalist believed to be independent of each other can be high on some and not on others fails to account for how mult in tell interact with eachother

logical

mathematical

analytic intelligence

measured by traditional intelligence tests analyze and evaluate familiar problems and develop strategies to solve them

nature and nurture

mechanism in brain allows language to develop but social world interactions bring it out children naturally acquire language by listening to speech of others, before they learn rules of formal grammar in school

concepts

mental categories for classifying events, objects, and ideas on the basis of their common features or properties "trucks" and "cars" helps us make sense of the world and prepares us to anticipate or predict future events more successfully logical and natural concepts

mental image

mental picture or representation of an object or event not actual photographic representation but a reconstruction of object or event from memory

natural concepts

most concepts we use in everyday life concepts with poorly defined or fuzzy rules for membership fruit- lack precise idea about what makes a fruit a fruit abstracts- justice, honor and freedom

nature vs. nurture

nature- biological inheritance, genes nurture- environmental conditions current research says that both are essential for any trait (intelligence, personality) to develop

spearman's g

observed that ppl who scored well on one test of mental ability tended to score well on other tests underlying general factor of intelligence that allows people to do well on mental tests factor he labeled "g" for general intelligence intelligence tests developed to measure concept of general intelligence

creativity

originality of thought associated with development of new, workable products or solutions to problems thinking that leads to original, practical, and meaningful solutions to problems or that generates new ideas or artistic expressions distinct from general intelligence

bodily-kinesthetic

physical movement, fine/gross motor skills body control in space/movement

mainstreaming

practice of placing children with special needs in a regular classroom environment

thinking

process of mentally representing and manipulating information

linguistic relativity hypothesis

proposition that the language we use determines how we think and how we perceive the world the language we use determines how we think and how we perceive reality

birth or newborn

recognize mothers voice crying

mental age

representation of persons intelligence based on age of people who are capable of performing at the same level of ability age at which childrens performance topped off mental age of 10 = any child whose score was similar to an average 10 year old

syntax

rules of grammar that determine how words are ordered within sentences or phrases to form meaningful expressions language requires it follow rules of syntax in everyday speech ex: "i buy milk" instead of "buy milk i"

grammar

set of rules governing how symbols in a given language are used to form meaningful expressions used to express meaning

semantics

set of rules governing the meaning of words ex: theyre, their, there

primary mental abilities

seven basic mental abilities that Thurstone believed constitute intelligence didnt beleive any large dominating factor like "g" could account for intelligence verbal comprehension, numerical ability, memory, inductive reasoning, perceptual speed, verbal fluency, and spatial relations

infant directed (ID) speech

slower speech rate higher frequency greater pitch variation longer pauses repetitive intonation simplified sentence structure

morphemes

smallest units that stand for objects, events, ideas, characteristics or relationships combined phenomes nouns, verbs, adjectives, articles, conjunctions complex words can have several morphemes ex: pretested- "pre", "test", "ed"

interpersonal

social skills

reliability

stability or consistency of scores over time scores on the test are consistent over time over multiple administrations on same person wouldnt trust a scale that gave a diff weight each time you used it

norms

standards used to compare an individuals performance on a test with the performance of others comparing indivs score w those of general population

backward-working heuristic

start w possible solution and then work backward to see if data support the solution

algorithm

step by step set of rules that will always lead to a correct solution to a problem basic rules of algebra major drawback: finding one that precisely fits the particular problem

language

system of finite arbitrary symbols combined according to rules of grammar for the purpose of communication system of communication composed of symbols that are arranged according to a set of rules (grammar) to form meaningful expressions

representative heuristic

tendency to judge the category membership of people or things based on how closely they match the "typical" or "average" member of that category assume that a given sample is representative of a larger population more similar an individual is to typical members of a group the more likely we will decide that he or she belongs to the group ex: cardinal vs penguin in the bird category cardinal resembles bird more- faster and more accurate at saying its a bird

functional fixedness

tendency to perceive objects as limited to customary functions they serve inability to see how familiar objects can be used in new ways ex: objects that normally dont hold down papers- eyeglasses or wallet

mental set

tendency to rely on strategies that worked in similar situations in the past but that may not be appropriate to present situation if a new problem is similar to an old one then you may reach an appropriate solution more quickly

confirmation bias

tendency to stick to an initial hypothesis even in the face of strong contrary evidence place greater weight on info that confirms our prior beliefs and expectations than on info that disputes it

availability heuristic

tendency to use info more prominent in or available to memory to make inferences tendency to base decisions on examples we most easily recall or bring to mind when examples are easily brought to mind, inflates estimates of frequency or likelihood what comes to mind first? ex: vivid images of plane crash on TV leads to overestimate risk of flying

testing in theissen exp

tested words and part words tested whether infants could discriminate bw words and part words in this new language used infant's eye gaze to determine how long they listened to sounds

culture-fair tests

tests designed to eliminate cultural biases children from diff cultural backgrounds may not have had exposure to some types of info

validity

tests measure what they intend to measure degree to which a test measures what it purports to measure

standardization

they use norms an individuals score is compared to a general population (the norm) process of establishing norms for a test by administering the test to large numbers of ppl who constitute a standardization sample how do you compare to everyone else?

divergent thinking

wellspring of invention ability to conceive of new ways of viewing situations and new uses for familiar objects by thinking divergently we can find other answers

spatial

where things are located in space directional sense way-finding

intrapersonal

within self self knowledge of self

overextension

words used to label a broader set of objects or actions than is usually applied using a word too broadly- "all birds are ducks" all men are "dada"