Chapter 7 Skeletal System

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

How many pairs of false ribs are there?

5

What are fontanels?

"soft spot" is uncalcified bone in the infant skull (allows compression during birth)

(Cartilaginous Joints) Hyaline cartilage or disks of fibrocartilage unite the bones in these joints. Give three examples of this kind of joint:

1. between each vertebrae 2. pubic symphysis 3. first rib and the sternum

How many pairs of true ribs are there?

7

_____________(articulations) are the functional junctions between bones. Joints can be classified according to the degree of movement possible and can be immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable. Joints can also classified according to the type of tissue that binds them together.

Joints

The clavicle can be recognized because it forms a/an __________- shape.

S

What happens to the epiphyseal plate at adulthood?

They fuse together

What is the purpose of the flattened head of the radius?

allows the radius to rotate

The ____________ skeleton consists of the pectoral girdle (scapulae and clavicles), upper limbs (humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges), pelvic girdle (coxal bones articulating with the sacrum), and lower limbs (femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges).

appendicular

___________(hyaline cartilage) covers the ends at the joints

articular cartilage

Name the top two vertebrae:

atlas and axis

The _________ skeleton consists of the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column (vertebrae and intervertebral disks), and thorax (ribs and sternum).

axial

A _________________ joint consists of a bone with a rounded head articulating with the cup-shaped cavity of another bone; a very wide range of motion is possible. Give two examples of this type of joint:

ball and socket hip and shoulder

What is the drum shaped part of the vertebrae called that supports the weight of the head and trunk?

body

The sternum is made up of the ___________, __________________ and _______________

body, manubrium, xiphoid process

Describe the role the skeletal system plays in each of the following functions. Storage of Minerals:

calcium

Osteocytes pass nutrients and wastes back and forth in passageways in the matrix called

canaliculi

Other features of the femur include the fovea ____________, neck and greater and lesser ______________.

capitis, trochanter

The humerus articulates with the radius at the ________________, and with the ulna at the __________.

capitulum, trochlea

What is the opening for the ear called?

internal acoustic meatus

The vertebral column, from skull to pelvis, forms the vertical axis of the skeleton. It is composed of vertebrae separated by ____________ disks.

intervertabral

What is the anatomical name for the tail bone?

coccyx

The extracellular material consists of _______________ and inorganic _________________.

collagen, salts (calcium phosphate)

There are 2 types of bone in the body

compact and spongey bone

A ______________________joint consists of an ovoid condyle fitting into an elliptical cavity, also permitting a variety of motions. Give an example of this type of joint:

condyler (ellipsoidal) radoiocarpal joint

The flat bones of the skull form as intramembranous bones that develop from layers of

connective tissue

Name the two fossae of the humerus:

coronoid fossa and olecranon fossa

The shaft of the bone is called the

diaphysis (compact bone makes up the outside part)

A band of hyaline cartilage, the __________________ plate, forms between the two ossification centers.

epiphyseal

Where is spongy bone found?

epiphyses

Expanded ends of bones that form joints with adjacent bones are called

epiphysis

The _________________is a slender bone lying lateral on the lower leg; it does not bear body weight.

fibula

Bones form by replacing connective tissue in the fetus, through either

intramembranous or endochondral ossification.

Bones that have a variety of shapes, such as the vertebrae, are called

irregular

Bones that are plate-like with broad surfaces, such as the scapula, are called

flat

What is the name of the fossa that articulates with the humerus?

glenoid cavity

Name the processes near the head of the humerus:

greater tubercle and lesser tubercle

In a __________________joint, a convex surface fits into a concave surface; movement is in one plane only. Give an example of this type of joint:

hinge elbow, knee, ankles

Endochondral bones first develop as ___________ ____________ models and are then replaced with bone.

hyaline cartilage

Most joints of the skeleton are synovial joints, which are more complex than fibrous or cartilaginous joints. What are the articular ends of this kind of joint covered with? These joints are enclosed in a joint capsule containing ________________fluid.

hyaline cartilage, synovial

The largest and most superior portion of the coxal bone is the _______________. It joins the sacrum at the _____________________ joint.

ilium, sacroiliac

Medial Malleolus Lateral Malleolus

inner ankle outer ankle

The _______________forms the L-shaped portion that supports weight during sitting.

ischium

What is unusual about the location of the head of the ulna?

it's distal

Bone cells are located within spaces called _____________that lie in concentric circles around _____________ canals that contain blood vessels and nerves.

lacunae, haversian/central canals

Once these cells deposit bone completely around themselves, they are enclosed within little compartments called _________. These cells are then called ___________.

lacunae, osteocytes

Epiphyseal plates are responsible for increasing the ___________________ of bones, while increases in ____________ are due to intramembranous ossification underneath the periosteum.

length, width

A bone's shape makes possible its function; bony processes or grooves indicate places of attachment for

ligaments and tendons

Bones that are elongated, and have expanded ends, such as the femur, are called

long

What distinguishes the thoracic vertebrae from the rest?

long pointed spinous process

Which two contain the teeth?

maxillae + mandible

Which two form the hard palate?

maxillae + palatine

The diaphysis contains a hollow _____ ________ that is lined with ________ and filled with _____________________.

medullary cavity, lined with endosteum, and filled with marrow

Some of these joints contain shock-absorbing pads of fibrocartilage called ____________________ and may have fluid-filled sacs called __________________. What is an inflammation of these sacs called?

menisci, bursae bursitis

What is the function of the acromion process? Of the coracoid process?

muscle, attachment point for the upper limb and chest muscles

Describe the role the skeletal system plays in each of the following functions. Muscle Attachment:

muscles pull on bones when thy contract

What is the name of the large hole of each coxal bone?

obturator foramen

What are the 2 processes of the ulna that participate in the elbow joint?

olecranon process and coronoid process

Cartilage tissue is invaded by blood vessels and ___________________that first form spongy bone at the primary ossification center in the diaphysis.

osteoblasts

Cells called ________________________ deposit bony tissue around themselves.

osteoblasts

A medullary cavity forms in the region of the diaphysis due to the activity of the cells called __________________.

osteoclasts

Layers of cartilage cells undergoing mitosis make up the epiphyseal plate. _____________________ break down the calcified matrix and are replaced with bone-building ___________ that deposit bone in place of calcified cartilage.

osteoclasts, osteoblasts

Bone cells are called

osteocytes

In compact bone, osteocytes and intercellular material are organized into cylinders called __________________________ that are cemented together.

osteons

What is the name of the notch on the ulna?

radial notch

The ________________ is located on the lateral (thumb) side of the forearm.

radius

The femur, or thighbone, extends from the hip to the knee and is the longest bone in the body. Its head articulates with the ____________; it articulates with the tibia at the _________ and ________ condyles.

pelvis, medial, lateral

Central canals are interconnected by transverse ____________canals.

perforating

A tough layer of vascular connective tissue, called the _________________, covers the bone and is continuous with ligaments and tendons.

periosteum

Cells of the membranous connective tissue that lie outside the developing bone give rise to the outer covering for the bone, the _______________________.

periosteum

In a ____________ joint, a cylindrical surface rotates within a ring of bone and fibrous tissue. Give an example of this type of joint:

pivot atlas and axis (the neck)

________________joints occur where articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved, allowing a back-and-forth motion. Give an example of this type:

plane (gliding) sacroiliac joint, carpals

Describe the role the skeletal system plays in each of the following functions. Protection:

protection of the vital organs

Describe the role the skeletal system plays in each of the following functions. Support:

provide shape and support (body weight)

Where is the head of the humerus? What is its function?

proximal end, articulates with the glenoid cavity

The __________________ comprises the anterior portion of the coxal bones and articulates at the ________________ ___________________ with fibrocartilage between the bones.

pubis, pubic symphysis

What are some of the various tissues that are contained within bone?

red marrow, white marrow, blood, nerves

Describe the role the skeletal system plays in each of the following functions. Blood Cell Production:

red marrow= red blood cells(RBC) + white (WBC) + platelets to move the limbs

What bones make up the thoracic cage?

ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum

A _________________ joint forms where articulating surfaces have both concave and convex areas, permitting a wide range of movements. Name one example of this type: thumb

saddle thumb

Osteoblasts beneath the periosteum lay down compact bone outside the spongy bone. _________________________ ossification centers appear later in the epiphyses.

secondary

Bones that develop in tendons, such as the patella, are called

sesamoid

Bones that are almost cube-like, such as the wrist bones, are called

short

The scapula is divided by a ______

spine

What is the name of the dorsal process?

spinous process

What are nasal conchae?

support mucous membranes in the nasal cavity

Held close together by dense connective tissue and are immovable (sutures of skull) or slightly movable (joint between the distal tibia and fibula). A fibrous joint between two flat bones of the skull is called a ____________.

suture

What is unique about the sacral vertebrae?

they are fused

How can you tell the cervical vertebrae from the rest of them?

they have transverse foramen

The __________________ (shinbone) supports the weight of the body and articulates with the femur and with the ________________ bones of the foot. Its anterior _______________ ______________ is the point of attachment for the patellar ligament.

tibia, tarsals tibial tuberosity

Unlike compact bone, the osteocytes and intercellular material in spongy bone are not arranged around central canals. Rather, they are irregularly arranged and form thin bony plates called ______________________.

trabeculae

What is the name of the two lateral processes? What is their function?

transverse process, attachments sites for ligaments and muscles

The ulna is the longer of the two bones making up the forearm and has a _____________notch that articulates with the humerus.

trochlear

The radius contains the radial ____________and the ____________ process.

tuberosity, styloid

The pectoral girdle makes an incomplete ring that supports the

upper limbs

Which two bones form the nasal septum?

vomer + ethmoid

Which two form the zygomatic arch?

zygomatic + temporal

Which two make up the cheeks?

zygomatic+ temporal