Chapter 7: The Many Types of Memory

The process of spreading activation directly parallels the process of communication between neurons. What term should replace "neuron(s)" in the following statement in order to make it about spreading activation instead of neural communication? Neurons receive activation from other neurons; once a neuron reaches its threshold, it fires, sending activation to other neurons.

Node (s).

Which of these learning strategies are optimal for later retrieval success?

Optimal Think about the information in different ways. Relate the information to many other ideas. Study based on how you will need the material later. Suboptimal Assume that there will be a direct test.

Identify each memory subcategory as a form of either explicit memory or implicit memory.

Procedural memory = implicit memory. Priming = implicit memory. Classical conditioning = implicit memory. Perceptual learning = implicit memory. Semantic memory = explicit memory. Episodic memory = explicit memory.

Participants in a lexical-decision task were presented with pairs of letter strings. Participants had to respond "yes" if both letter strings were real words and "no" if one or both of the strings were not real words. Which of these word pairs would we expect to see semantic priming effects on response time?

Semantic Priming: crib, baby cake, knife height, weight

Identify each item as either an explicit memory or implicit memory.

Sonjay has started eating dark chocolate every day because he read somewhere that it can prolong your life. (What he actually saw was, "Can chocolate make you live longer?" in an internet advertisement.) = implicit memory. You know that the capital of France is Paris = explicit memory. You remember that you had a doctor's appointment on Monday afternoon = explicit memory. When you were a kid, you got carsick a lot. Recently, you sat down on a chair and instantly felt ill. The chair was covered in the same fabric as your old car seat = implicit memory. After reading a passage about flamingos, Kim was able to more quickly confirm that flamingo was a real word compared to couch = implicit memory.

A month ago, Troy's wife, Darlene, was diagnosed with anterograde amnesia. What should he expect her to still be able to do? What should he expect her not to be able to do anymore?

Still Do remember: Which song they chose for their "first dance" at their wedding last year. Learn how to knit.

Identify each question/statement as an instance of recall, recognition, or neither.

"This is Zach. Have you already met?" = recognition. "Is this the correct way to get to the mall?" = recognition. "Please label the four lobes of the brain in this drawing." = recall. "I love this song! Have you heard it before?" = recognition. "Did you see this word first or last in the list?" = recall. "I can't find my stapler. Can you help me look for it?" = neither. "Did you go to the post office yesterday to mail that package?" = recall.

Place the events that lead to the sense of familiarity in order.

1. Exposure to a stimulus. 2. Practice in perceiving the stimulus. 3. Fluency increases. 4. Stimulus registered as "special." 5. Attribution of fluency. 6. Stimulus judged as familiar.

When asked, "What's the capital of South Dakota?" the cue of "It's a man's name" can help participants to remember when they otherwise did not know the answer ("Pierre"). Fill in the missing events to explain the process by which this cue helps based on the idea of spreading activation.

1. Nodes representing South Dakota are activated. 2. South Dakota nodes activate connected nodes. 3. Pierre node is weakly activated by South Dakota nodes. 4. Cue of "It's a man's name" is provided. 5. Man's name node is activated. 6. Pierre node receives activation from Man's name node. 7. Activation of Pierre node reaches the response threshold.

Which of these methods will likely increase the processing fluency of a novel stimulus and lead to an illusion of familiarity?

:Will Increase Processing Fluency: Slightly increase the exposure time of the target item relative to other presented items Sharpen the focus of the computer display when presenting the target item relative to other presented items. Will Not Increase Processing Fluency: Increase the exposure time of all presented items. Make the target item slightly blurrier relative to other presented items. Present the target stimulus in a unique, fancy cursive that is a little difficult to read so that it stands out.

Identify each scenario as an example of either remembering from source memory or using familiarity.

A patient with Capgras syndrome recognizes that his father looks like his father but thinks this person is an imposter = source memory. "I know I've seen that actor before ... but in what?"= familiarity. Indicating "know" when making a "remember/know" distinction = familiarity. indicating "remember" when making a "remember/know" distinction = source memory. Remembering that you learned about source memory and familiarity in Chapter 7 of your textbook = source memory.

In this study, researchers tracked participants' brain activity during encoding and then analyzed the data according to what happened later, when the time came for retrieval. These data are presented in Graphs A and B. Which conclusions can we draw from these graphs?

Conclusions: As activity increased in the posterior hippocampus during encoding, participants were more likely to have source memory for the stimulus at the time of retrieval. As activity increased in the posterior hippocampus during encoding, participants were more likely to recollect the stimulus at the time of retrieval. Not conclusions: As activity increased in the rhinal cortex during encoding, participants were more accurate in their recognition at the time of retrieval. Confident participants had more activity in the rhinal cortex during retrieval.

Swiss psychologist Édouard Claparède shook the hand of a woman with Korsakoff's amnesia. He secretly positioned a pin in his hand, though, so that the patient received a painful pinprick when they clasped hands. Identify the ways in which the patient reacted the next day when Claparède reached out to shake her hand again.

Correct: She refused to shake his hand. She vaguely said, "Sometimes pins are hidden in people's hands."

Clive Wearing suffers from amnesia. Specifically, he experiences massive disruptions to his _______ memory.

Episodic

Identify each memory as either an episodic memory or a semantic memory.

Episodic Memory: Recalling the selfie you took on your phone from the first time you visited your college campus. Recalling the day that you first met your best friend, Aylin. Remembering what color sweater you wore yesterday. Semantic Memory: Recalling that your best friend's name growing up was Aylin. Recognizing the color green. Understanding how to use a smartphone.

Kent Cochrane ("Patient K.C.") had a motorcycle accident and suffered brain damage that severely impaired his episodic memory but left his semantic memory intact. What effect did this have on his memory for his life?

He remembered his life as a series of impersonal facts rather than experienced events.

Which of these hints would likely help participants to remember that they had seen the word piano earlier if they read it in the sentence, "The man tuned the piano"?

Helpful: Something you can play. Something with a nice sound. Not Helpful: Something heavy. A five letter word Something people do.

___are usually revealed by indirect memory testing, such as a ___. ____ are usually revealed by direct memory testing, such as a ____.

Implicit memories, word-stem completion task, explicit memories, Recall test.

How do we know that semantic memory is distinct from episodic memory?

It is possible to disrupt one without disrupting the other.

Which events can result from a node firing?

The node that fired is now a source of activation. A connected node may be primed but not fire. Firing of the node draws attention to it within the network.

A diver who studied test material underwater will likely remember the material better if later tested____. Diver who studied test material on land will likely remember the material better if later tested___.

Underwater. On land.

Identify these statements about fluency and judgments of familiarity as either true or false.

When you see an objectively familiar stimulus, you automatically attribute the processing fluency to a prior event and experience familiarity = false. If processing of a stimulus is very fluent, we may incorrectly think that we've seen it before even if we haven't = true. Stimuli feel more familiar as processing fluency decreases, but you're not sure why = false. You're likely to interpret fluency as evidence of familiarity if there is additional information supporting this conclusion = true.

You ask Jorge, a Korsakoff's patient, several trivia questions and tell him the answers when he doesn't know them. A few minutes later, you ask him the questions again. What will most likely happen?

Will Happen: He will answer the questions correctly. He will not remember that you just told him the answers.

Which of these errors are you most likely to make when looking at a photo lineup of suspects after you witness a crime?

You recognize one of the people in the lineup, so you indicate that he's the perpetrator. Later, you find out that he was familiar because he drives the bus you take sometimes to get to the mall.

You see your friend Travis at the coffee shop, but he looks different and you're not sure why. When he catches you looking at him oddly, he laughs and tells you that he had a cooking mishap last week and accidentally singed off most of his eyebrows. Why did you know that something had changed but fail to pinpoint what it was specifically?

You recognized Travis, but your recognition was less fluent than normal and you were sensitive to that change.

You are studying in your living room for an upcoming psychology exam. While studying, your roommate makes a snack in the kitchen, which reminds you that you need to buy bread and milk. Which of these events will you likely experience after this?

You'll think about your psychology notes when you reach for the milk at the store. During the exam, you'll remember that you still need to go to the grocery store. The next time that you walk through the living room, you'll be reminded of your upcoming exam.

The sequence of nodes, and the connections between the nodes, through which activation flows when recognizing a particular stimulus is referred to as____?

spreading activation.

Dr. Volt has an idea for a study: Participants will be exposed to a series of trials in which the sound of a dog barking will be reliably followed by a mild electric shock to condition a fear reaction, but other sounds (a baby crying, a bell, and a phone ringing) will not be followed by a shock. When later exposed to the dog barking on its own, the participants' bodily arousal will be measured. The patients will also be asked directly, "Which sound preceded the shock?" Which behaviors would you expect from a participant with hippocampal damage by the end of the experiment? From a participant with damage to the amygdala?

will fear the sound of the dog barking = damaged hippocampus will not fear the sound of the dog barking = damaged amygdala will not remember which sound was paired with the shock = damaged hippocampus will fear all of the sounds = NA will remember which sound was paired with the shock = damaged amygdala