Chapter 7 The Nervous System

Give an overview of how CNS develops

(same as previous slide but shorter) CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube The neural tube becomes the brain and spinal cord The opening of the neural tube becomes the ventricles There are Four chambers within the brain These are filled with cerebrospinal fluid

what is the correct sequence of events that follows a threshold potential

1- Na channels open, then Na+ diffuse inward 2- the membrane becomes depolarized 3- K channels open, K+ diffuse outward which Na is actively transported out of the cell 4- the membrane becomes repolarized

Name the four major regions of the brain?

1. Cerebral hemispheres 2. Diencephalon 3. Brain stem 4. Cerebellum

Name the effect of the ricocheting brain hitting the opposite end of the skull

1. Concussion 2. Contusion 3. Cerebral edema

Name the three connective tissue membranes (or meninges)

1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater

Name some substances that the blood brain barrier is useless against

1. Fats and fat-soluble substances 2. Respiratory gases 3. Alcohol 4. Nicotine 5. Anesthesia

Name the surface lobes that is divided by the fissure

1. Frontal lobe 2. Parietal lobe 3. Occipital lobe 4. Temporal lobe

What are the layers of the cerebrum?

1. Gray matter 2. White matter

Name cerebral areas involved in special senses

1. Gustatory area (taste) 2. Visual Area 3. Auditory area 4. Olfactory area

What are the parts of the brain stem?

1. Midbrain 2. Pons 3. Medulla oblangata

What are the nervous system's three overlapping functions?

1. Monitor changes 2. Processes and interprets 3. Effects, or causes, a response

Name specialized areas of the cerebrum

1. Somatic sensory area 2. Primary motor area 3. Broca's area 4. Cerebral areas involved in special senses 5. Interpretation areas of the cerebrum

Name interpretation areas of the cerebrum

1. Speech/language region 2. Language comprehension region 3. General interpretation area

What are the two principal types of cells in the nervous tissue?

1. Supporting cells 2. Neurons

Name the three parts that make up the diencephalon.

1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Epithalamus

What are the two structural subdivisions of the nervous system?

1. The central nervous system 2. The peripheral nervous system

Describe the events that lead to the generation of a nerve impulse

1. The resting membrane is polarized 2. Stimulus initiates local depolarization 3. Depolarization and generation of an action potential 4. Propagation of the action potential 5. Repolarization 6. Initial ionic conditions restored

What are the two functional subdivisions of the nervous system?

1. The sensory (afferent) division 2. The motor (efferent) division

What are the two motor subdivisions?

1. The somatic nervous system 2. The autonomic nervous system

Name some traumatic brain injuries and cerebrovascular accidents

1. Traumatic brain injuries 2. Cerebrovascular accident 3. Alzheimer's disease

There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves and ________ pairs of spinal nerves in the peripheral nervous system.

12;31

which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that correlates to the sequence of events of a nerve impulse

2, 1, 4, 3

How many pairs of human spinal nerves are formed by the combination of the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord?

31 pairs are formed by the combination of these two roots

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through all of the following...

4th ventricle, lateral ventricle, subarachnoid space, cerebral aqueduct

synapse

A ________ is a small space across which an impulse travels to move from one neuron to another.

synapse

A ________ is a space between nerve cells.

reflex

A ________ is an involuntary, autonomic response to a stimulus controlled by the spinal cord.

stimulus

A ________ is any change inside or outside your body that brings about a response in a living organism.

neuron

A ________ is made up of a cell body, dendrite, and axon.

Which of the following statements regarding the nerve impulse is TRUE?

A stimulus changes the permeability of a "patch" of the membrane, and sodium ions (Na+) diffuse rapidly into the cell.

What does it mean when the stimulus initiates local depolarization (irritability aspect)?

A stimulus changes the permeability of a local "patch" of the membrane, and sodium ions diffuse rapidly into the cell. This changes the polarity of the membrane (the inside becomes more positive; the outside becomes more negative) at that site This exchange of ions initiates an action potential in the neuron

space

A synapse is a ________ between nerve cells.

__________ neurons carry an impulse to the CNS.

Afferent

slows

Alcohol ________ the activities of the central nervous system.

What are the major regions of neurons?

All have a cell body and processes

An action potential i) occurs when the graded potential is strong enough, ii) obeys the all-or-none rule, iii) is initiated by the opening of "gates" for sodium channels, iv) is characterized by a series of depolarizations/repolarizations along the membrane.

All the statements are correct.

injury

Any ________ to the brain or spinal cord can be serious.

Name the CNS glia

Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes

Which nervous system subdivision is a chain of two motor neurons consisting of a preganglion and a postganglionic neuron

Autonomic

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of the

Autonomic nervous system

What are the types of reflexes that occur in the body?

Autonomic reflexes and Somatic reflexes

Which of the nerve plexuses serves the should and the arm

Brachial

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the

Brain stem

Sally has a brain injury, she knows what she wants to say but can't vocalize the words. The part of her brain that deals with the ability to speak is the:

Broca's area

Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but can't vocalize the words. The part of her brain that deals with the ability to speak is the ________.

Broca's area

white matters refers to myelinated fibers in the

CNS

speeds

Caffeine ________ up the activity of the central nervous system.

Loss of muscle coordination results from damage to the

Cerebellum

Which of the following brain dysfunctions is known as a stroke

Cerebrovascular accident

Which of the following is the correct sequence of nerves that exit the spinal cord going from superior to inferior

Cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves

What are paired cerebral hemispheres?

Collectively these are called cerebrum, are the most superior part of the brain and together are a good deal larger than the other three brain regions combined

The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body resulting from a combination of which two nerves

Common fibular and tibial nerves

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through all of the following except

Corpus callosum

The nerves that contains sensory fibers that are involved in hearing is

Cranial nerve VIII

Which of the following effects is characteristic if the parasympathetic nervous system

Decreases heart rate

Name to extensions outside the cell body

Dendrites and Axons

Which one of the following statements about aging is most accurate

Despite some neuronal loss, an unlimited number of neural pathways are available and ready to be developed; therefore, additional learning can occur throughout life

farsightedness

Does this picture show farsightedness or nearsightedness?

nearsightedness

Does this picture show farsightedness or nearsightedness?

alcohol

Drugs like ________ and caffeine affect your nervous system.

caffeine

Drugs like alcohol and ________ affect your nervous system.

Which one of the following represents the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

END OF CHAPTER OVERVIEW

END OF CHAPTER OVERVIEW. DO OVER

Name this type of supporting cell found in nervous tissue.

Ependymal cells possess cilia to help circulate cerebrospinal fluid in the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord.

Which of the following is the correct sequence in connective tissue sheaths, going from outermost to innermost layer

Epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

Which of the following substances is/are NOT prevented from entering brain tissue due to the tight junctions that form the blood-brain barrier?

Essential amino acids

(T/F) Difficulty in breathing may reflect damage to respiratory centers located in the cerebellum.

False

(T/F) One of the major functions of the pons is to produce releasing factors that control the function of the anterior pituitary.

False

(T/F) The thalamus plays a role in regulation of body temperature, metabolism, and water balance.

False

(T/F) There are 31 pairs of cranial nerves and 12 pairs of spinal nerves.

False

molecules

Food and other objects give off ________ into the air.

internal organs

For your sense of touch sensory receptors are found in ________ ________ and skin.

skin

For your sense of touch sensory receptors are found in internal organs and ________. These sensory receptors can pick up changes in touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.

A stroke in the primary motor area has caused Don to lose control over his skeletal muscles on the right side of his body. What lobe of his brain was damaged?

Frontal lobe

Which lobe contains the primary motor are and enables voluntary control of skeletal muscle movements

Frontal lobe

what are small collections of nerve cell bodies found in a small number oflocations outside the central nervous system called

Ganglia

What is perineurium?

Goups of fibers that are bound into fascicles by these coarse connective tissue wrappings

In contrast to the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system

Has two motor neurons

Name examples of what control center control, or visceral activities.

Heart rate control, blood pressure regulation, breathing, swallowing, vomiting

Control of temperature, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst are functions associated with the

Hypothalamus

The pituitary gland is most closely associated with the

Hypothalamus

Identify in order the distribution of the cranial nerves

I. Olfactory nerve II. Optic nerve III. Oculomotor nerve IV. Trochlear V. Trigeminal nerve VI. Abducen nerves VII. Facial nerves VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerves IX. Glossopharyngel nerves X. Vagus nerves XI. Accessory nerves XII. Hypoglossal nerves

What does it mean when depolarization and generation of an action potential happens (irritability aspect)?

If the stimulus is strong enough, depolarization causes membrane polarity to be completely reversed and an action potential is initiated

Describe the continuation of the nerve impulse between neurons

Impulses are able to cross the synapse to another nerve. Neurotransmitter is released from a nerve's axon terminal. The dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter. An action potential is started in the dendrite

cochlea

In the inner ear, vibrations cause the fluids in the ________ to vibrate, stimulating nerve endings.

hammer

In the middle ear when the eardrum vibrates it will vibrate tiny bones called the ________, anvil, and stirrup.

anvil

In the middle ear when the eardrum vibrates it will vibrate tiny bones called the hammer, ________, and stirrup.

stirrup

In the middle ear when the eardrum vibrates it will vibrate tiny bones called the hammer, anvil, and ________.

eardrum

In the middle ear, sound waves cause the ________ to vibrate.

autonomic

In the peripheral nervous system the ________ system controls involuntary actions.

somatic

In the peripheral nervous system the ________ system controls voluntary actions.

outer ear

In this picture of ear structure what is letter "A" ?

middle ear

In this picture of ear structure what is letter "B" ?

inner ear

In this picture of ear structure what is letter "C" ?

semicircular canals

In this picture of ear structure what is letter "D" ?

auditory nerve

In this picture of ear structure what is letter "E" ?

cochlea

In this picture of ear structure what is letter "F" ?

eustachian tube

In this picture of ear structure what is letter "G" ?

incus

In this picture of ear structure what is letter "H" ?

stapes

In this picture of ear structure what is letter "I" ?

eardrum

In this picture of ear structure what is letter "J" ?

malleus

In this picture of ear structure what is letter "K" ?

ear canal

In this picture of ear structure what is letter "L" ?

pinna

In this picture of ear structure what is letter "M" ?

scelera

In this picture of eye structure what is letter "A" pointing to?

cornea

In this picture of eye structure what is letter "B" pointing to?

pupil

In this picture of eye structure what is letter "C" pointing to?

lens

In this picture of eye structure what is letter "E" pointing to?

scelera

In this picture of eye structure what is letter "F" pointing to?

optic nerve

In this picture of eye structure what is letter "G" pointing to?

retinal vein

In this picture of eye structure what is letter "H" pointing to?

retinal artery

In this picture of eye structure what is letter "I" pointing to?

retina

In this picture of eye structure what is letter "J" pointing to?

dendrite

In this picture of neuron structure what is letter "A" pointing to?

cell body

In this picture of neuron structure what is letter "B" pointing to?

nucleus

In this picture of neuron structure what is letter "C" pointing to?

myelin sheath

In this picture of neuron structure what is letter "D" pointing to?

axon

In this picture of neuron structure what is letter "E" pointing to?

paralysis

Injury to the spine can result in loss of muscle movement called ________.

What are the two major functional properties of neurons?

Irritability and Conductivity

The cerebrospinal fluid

Is continually formed mostly by the choroid plexuses

safety gear

It is important to wear ________ ________ when playing sports or riding in a car or on a bicycle.

What is the cerebrum made of?

It is made of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci)

which type of ion rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid immediately after an action potential is propagated

K+

The spinal cord terminates around vertebra ________.

L3

The vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting are located in the

Medulla oblongata

impulses

Messages carried by nerve cells are called ________.

The blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of

Metabolic waste such as urea

What is the main function of the trochlear?

Motor fiber to eye muscles

What is the main function of the abducens nerve?

Motor fibers to eye muscles

What is the main function of the oculomotor nerve?

Motor fibers to eye muscles

What is the main function of the accessory nerve?

Motor fibers to neck and upper back

What is the main function of the hypoglossal nerve?

Motor to fibers to tongue

what is the concentration of sodium and potassium ions on the inside and outside of the membrane when a nerve fiber is polarized

Na- higher on outside K+ higher on inside

touch

Nerve cells do not ________ each other, yet still pass impulses to each other.

impulses

Nerve cells do not touch each other, yet still pass ________ to each other.

motor

Nerve cells that conduct impulses from the brain to muscles and glands throughout your body are called ________ neurons.

sensory

Nerve cells that receive information and send impulses to the brain or spinal cord are called ________ neurons.

interneurons

Nerve cells that relay impulses from sensory nerve cells to motor nerve cells are called ________.

Which of the following is NOT a central nervous system glial cell?

Neuron

Between successive Schwann cells, there are gaps in the myelin sheath called __________.

Nodes of Ranvier

CLASSIFICATION

OVERVIEW: Classify neurons according to structure and function List the types of general sensory receptors and describe their functions

BRAIN DYSFUNCTIONS

OVERVIEW: Compare the signs of CVA with those of Alzheimer's disease; of a contusion with those of a concussion Define EEG, and explain how it evaluates neural

AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONING

OVERVIEW: Contrast the effect of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions on the following organs: heart, lungs, digestive system, blood vessels

PHYSIOLOGY: NERVE IMPULSES

OVERVIEW: Describe the events that lead to the generation of a nerve impulse and its conduction from one neuron to another Define reflex arc, and list its elements

STRUCTURE OF A NERVE

OVERVIEW: Describe the general structure of a nerve

NEURON ANATOMY

OVERVIEW: Describe the general structure of a neuron, and name its important anatomical regions Describe the composition of gray matter and white matter

SPINAL NERVES AND NERVE PULSES

OVERVIEW: Describe the origin and fiber composition of (1) ventral and dorsal roots, (2) the spinal nerve proper, and (3) ventral and dorsal rami Name four major nerve plexuses, give the major nerves of each, and describe theirmdistribution

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

OVERVIEW: During the embryonic development, the CNS first appears as a simple tube, the neural tube, which extends down the dorsal median plane of the developing embryo's body. By the fourth week, the anterior end of the neural tube begins to expand, and brain formation begins. The rest of the neural tube posterior to the forming brain becomes the spinal cord. The central canal of the neural tube, which is continuous between the brain and spinal cord, becomes enlarged in four regions of the brain to form chambers called ventricles

FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN

OVERVIEW: Identify and indicate the functions of the major regions of the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum on a human brain model or diagram.

CRANIAL NERVES

OVERVIEW: Identify the cranial nerves by number and by name, and list their major functions of each

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

OVERVIEW: Identify the site of origin, and explain the function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system

ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

OVERVIEW: List the general functions of the nervous system Explain the structural and functional classifications of the nervous system Define central nervous system and peripheral nervous sytem, and list the major parts of each

SPINAL CORD

OVERVIEW: List two important functions of the spinal cord Describe spinal cord structure

PROTECTION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

OVERVIEW: Name the three meningeal layers, and state their functions Discuss the formation and function of cerebrospinal fluid and the blood-brain barrier.

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

OVERVIEW: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

NERVOUS TISSUE: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

OVERVIEW: State the functions of neurons and neuroglia

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

OVERVIEW: The nervous system maintains body homeostasis with electrical signals; provides for sensation, higher mental functioning, and emotional response; and activates muscles and glands

taste buds

On the tongue ________ ________ can detect five different stimuli: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and the taste of MSG.

What is periosteum?

One of the layers of the dura mater that is attached to the inner surface of the skull

The effects of the sympathetic nervous system are essentially opposite of the

Parasympathetic nervous system

What does it mean when repolarization happens (irritability aspect)?

Potassium (K+) ions diffuse out of the cell as the membrane permeability changes again, restoring the negative charge on the inside of the membrane and the positive charge on the outside surface. This action requires ATP

The __________ area that allows us to consciously move our skeletal muscles is anterior to the central sulcus in the __________ lobe.

Primary motor; frontal

Damage to this nerve results in "wristdrop" the inability to extend the hand at the wrist

Radial

Each spinal nerve branches into a central and dorsal

Ramus

What is the correct sequence ina typical reflex arc

Receptor-afferent neuron-integration center- efferent neuron-effector

The are of the brain stem that plays a role in consciousness and the awake/sleep cycles is the

Reticular activating system

Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the

Sacral plexus

Name the PNS glia

Satellite cells, schwann cells

Name some enclosures that protect the CNS

Scalp and skin. Skull and vertebral column

________ cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS.

Schwann

Name the cell that forms the myelin sheath on this motor neuron

Schwann cell myelinate the axons of neurons found outside the CNS

Supporting cells in the PNS include __________ that form the myelin sheaths and satellite cells that act as protective cushioning cells.

Schwann cells

The cells that produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are called __________, and in the central nervous system (CNS) the cells are called __________.

Schwann cells; oligodendrocytes

What is the main function of the Vagus nerves?

Sensory and motor fibers for pharynx, larynx, and viscera

What is the main function of the Vestibulocochlear nerve?

Sensory for balance and hearing

What is the main function of the facial nerves?

Sensory for taste; motor fibers to the face

What is the main function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Sensory for taste; motor fibers to the pharynx

What is the main function of the trigeminal nerve?

Sensory for the face; motor fibers to chewing muscles

What is the main function ofthe optic nerve?

Sensory for vision

What is the main function of the Olfactory nerve?

Sensory of smell

Which one of the effectors is not directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system

Skeletal muscles

The function of the olfactory nerve concerns

Smell

What is the first event of an action potential?

Sodium ions diffuse rapidly and the membrane depolarizes.

__________ reflexes regulate skeletal muscle.

Somatic

The gray matter of the spinal cord

Surrounds the central canal

Which subdivision of the autonomic nervous system operates using the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine

Sympathetic

Preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response during threatening situations is the role of the

Sympathetic nervous system

The dura mater located in the fissure that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum is the

Tentorium cerebelli

olfactory cells

The ________ ________ in the nasal passages detect molecules in the air, transmitting these impulses as odors.

brain stem

The ________ ________ is the part of the brain the extends from the cerebrum and connects it to the spinal cord.

brain

The ________ coordinates all of your body activities.

peripheral

The ________ nervous system connects your brain and spinal cord to the rest of your body.

peripheral

The ________ nervous system is made up of all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.

central

The ________ nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord.

balance

The cristae ampullaris and the maculae in the middle ear control the body's ________.

What does it mean when propagation of the action potential or nerve impulse happens (irritability aspect)?

The depolarization of the first membrane path causes permeability changes in the adjacent membrane, and the cycle repeats

Each spinal nerve divide into these two parts

The dorsal and ventral rami

Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in

The dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord

sound waves

The ear, along with detecting and transmitting ________ ________, also controls the body's balance by reacting to motion and gravity.

balance

The ear, along with detecting and transmitting sound waves, also controls the body's ________ by reacting to motion and gravity.

light rays

The eye detects ________ ________ and transmits impulses to the brain through the optic nerve.

optic nerve

The eye detects light rays and transmits impulses to the brain through the ________ ________.

Damage to which cranial nerve(s) may impair the sense of taste?

The facial (N VII) and the glossopharyngeal (N IX)

What does it mean when initial ionic conditions are restored (irritability aspect)?

The ionic conditions of the resting state are restored later by the activity of the sodium-potassium pump. Three sodium ions are ejected for every two potassium ions carried back into the cell

rods

The light energy that enters your eye stimulates the ________ and cones located in your retina.

cones

The light energy that enters your eye stimulates the rods and ________ located in your retina.

Which of the following statements regarding the brain stem is FALSE?

The medulla oblongata plays a role in regulating the pituitary gland.

What covers the spinal cord?

The meninges (dura, arachnoid, pia mater) cover this

What is a contusion?

The nervous tissue destruction occurs. The nervous tissue does not regenerate. May remain conscious but severe brain stem always result in a coma laying to an hour to a lifetime because of injury to the reticular activating system

molecules

The olfactory cells in the nasal passages detect ________ in the air, transmitting these impulses as odors.

cortex

The outer layer of the brain is called the ________, which allows more complex thoughts to be processed.

two

The peripheral nervous system has ________ systems.

homeostasis

The regulation of steady, life-maintaining conditions inside an organisms is called ________.

optic nerve

The rods and cones send impulses to the ________ ________, which carries them to the visual area of the cortex.

stimuli

The senses act as the body's alert system, reacting to ________ and transmitting impulses to the brain.

sweet

The taste buds on your tongue can detect the stimuli of ________, sour, bitter, salty, and the taste of MSG.

sour

The taste buds on your tongue can detect the stimuli of sweet, ________, bitter, salty, and the taste of MSG.

bitter

The taste buds on your tongue can detect the stimuli of sweet, sour, ________, salty, and the taste of MSG.

salty

The taste buds on your tongue can detect the stimuli of sweet, sour, bitter, ________, and the taste of MSG.

How many pairs of cranial nerves mostly serve the neck and head?

There are 12 of these pairs and they are numbered in order from front to back? Most of these are mixed nerves, but three are sensory only

What is the reticular activating systems?

These are a special group of reticular formation neurons, or reticular activating system, that play a role in awake/sleep cycles and consciousness.

What are astrocytes?

These are abundant, star-shaped cells that account for nearly half of the neural tissue. These brace neurons and form barrier between capillaries and neurons. These also help control the chemical environment of the brain.

What are classified mixed nerves?

These are both sensory and motor fibers

What are pons?

These are bulging center part of the brain stem. Mostly composed of fiber tracts. These includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing.

What are neuron fibers?

These are bundled by connective tissues

What are neurotransmitters?

These are chemicals that is contained in the terminals' tiny vesicles

How are neurons classified?

These are classified either according to how they function or according to their structure

What are the choroid plexuses?

These are clusters of capillaries hanging from the "roof" of each of the brain's ventricles

What is a nuclei?

These are clusters of cell bodies within the white matter of the central nervous system (CNS)

What is a ganglia?

These are collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system (CNS)

What are fissures?

These are deep grooves that divide the cerebrum into lobes

What is endoneurium?

These are delicate connective tissue that surrounds each fiber

What is a gyri?

These are elevated ridges of tissue on the cerebral hemispheres

What are myelin sheath?

These are fatty insulating coverings that is produced by oligodendrocytes wrapping its cilia around the nerve fibers

What is the white matter of the cerebrum?

These are fiber tracts inside the gray matter Ex: corpus collosum connects hemispheres

What are the processes of neurons?

These are fibers that extend from the cell body. These vary in length from microscopic to 3 to 4 feet. Ex: The longest ones in humans reach from the lumbar region of the spine to the great toe

What are epineurium?

These are fibrous sheath that bind together all the fascicles

How are the spinal nerves formed?

These are formed by the combination of the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord

What is the interneurons, or association neurons?

These are found in neural pathways in the central nervous system. These connect sensory and motor neurons

What is the corpora quadrigemina?

These are four rounded protrusions are reflex centers involved with vision and hearing.

What are ependymal cells?

These are glial cells that line the central cavities of the brain and the spinal cord. These have cilia that helps to circulate cerebrospinal fluid that fillds cavities and protects the CNS

What is a sulci?

These are grooves that separate the gyri

What are proprioceptors?

These are in the muscles and tendons that detect stretch or tensions.

What are the neurofibrils?

These are intermediate filaments that are important in maintaining cell shape

What is multipolar neurons?

These are many processes extending from the cell body

How are the spinal nerves names?

These are named for the region from which they arise

Neurons

These are nerve cells that are specialized to transmit messages (nerve impulses) from one part of the body to another

What is the motor, or efferent, division?

These are nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous systems.

What is the sensory, or afferent, division?

These are nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system

What are dentdrites?

These are neuron processes that convey incoming messages (electrical signals) toward the cell body

What are axons?

These are neuron processes that generate nerve impulses and typically conduct them away from the cell body

What are sensory, or afferent, neurons?

These are neurons carrying impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS These keep us informed about what is happening to both inside and outside the body

What are motor, or efferent, neurons?

These are neurons carrying impulses from the CNS to the viscera and/or muscles and glands These are always located in the CNS

What is a unipolar neurons?

These are neurons that have a short single process leaving the cell body

What is called bipolar neurons?

These are neurons with two processes: an axon and a dendrite. These are rare in adults and are found only in some special sense organs (eye, nose) where they act in sensory processing as receptor cells

What is the cell body of neurons?

These are nucleus and metabolic center of the cell

What are reflexes?

These are rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli

What are cutaneous sense organs?

These are sensory receptores in the skin

What is basal nuclei?

These are several internal islands of gray matter buried deep within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres

What are the arachnoid villi?

These are specialized projections that protrude through the dura mater. The cerebrospinal fluid is absorbed into the venous dural sinuses through this special projections

What are microglia?

These are spiderlike phagocytes that monitor the health of nearby neurons, and dispose of debris, including dead brain cells and bacteria

What is the cerebral peduncles?

These are the feet of the cerebrum which are two bulging fiber tracts.

What are Nodes of Ranvier?

These are the gaps, or indentations, in the myelin sheath along the axon

What is the blood brain barrier?

These are the least permeable capillaries of the body. These excludes many potential harmful substances. They are useless against some substances

What are called Nissl bodies?

These are the specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum

What are the two subdivision of the autonomic nervous system?

These are the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division

What are the anterior horns?

These are the two anterior projections of the gray matter in the cross section

What are the dorsal horns?

These are the two posterior projections of the gray matter in the cross section

What is meninges?

These are three connective tissue membranes covering and protecting the CNS structures.

What is the reticular formations?

These are two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces? They are involved in motor control of visceral organ.

What are classified as efferent (motor) nerves?

These carry impulses away from the CNS

What are classified as afferent (sensory) nerves?

These carry impulses toward the CNS

What are satellite cells?

These cells act as protective, cushioning cells

What are schwann cells?

These cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers that are found in the PNS

What are supporting cells?

These cells in the CNS are "lumped together" as neuroglia, literally, nerve glue. These generally support, insulate, and protect delicate neurons.

What are oligodendrocytes?

These produce insulating coverings called myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the central nervous system

What are schwann cells?

These produce myelin sheaths in jelly-roll like fashion

What is a synapse?

Theses are the functioning junctions between the nerves

cerebrum

Thinking takes place in this part of the brain.

What is the parasympathetic division?

This allows us to "unwind" and conserve energy

What is the somatic nervous system?

This allows us to consciously, or voluntarily, control our skeletal muscles. This is often referred to as the voluntary nervous system.

What is the choroid plexus?

This are the knots of capillaries within each ventricle that form the cerebrospinal fluid.

What is the broca's area?

This area is involved in our ability to speak

What is the primary motor area?

This area sends impulses to skeletal muscles

What is the brain stem?

This attaches to the spinal cord. There are three parts of the brain stem.

What is the central canal filled with.

This canal is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

What is the white matter?

This consists of dense collections of myelinated fiber tracts in of the CNS

What is the gray matter?

This consists of mostly unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies

What is the Peripheral nervous system?

This consists of nerves and scattered groups of neuronal cell bodies (ganglia) found outside the CNS

What is the central nervous system (CNS)?

This consists of the brain and the spinal cord which occupy the dorsal body cavity and act as the integrating and command centers of the nervous system.

How long is the spinal cord?

This cylindrical continuation of the brain stem is about 17 inches long

What is the thalamus?

This encloses the third ventricle. This is the relay station for sensory impulses for sensory impulses passing upward to the sensory cortex. This also transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation.

What is the spinal cord?

This extends from the medulla oblangata to the region of T12. Below the T12 is the cauda equine. Enlargement occurs in the cervical and lumbar regions

What is the epithalamus?

This forms the roof of the third ventricle. This houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland). This also includes the choroid plexus.

What is functional classification of neurons?

This groups neurons according to the direction the nerve impulse is traveling relative to the CNS

What is somatic reflexes?

This include all reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscle

What is a nerve?

This is a bundle of neuron fibers

What is the cauda equine?

This is a collection of spinal nerves

What is reflex arc?

This is a direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector

What is Alzheimer's disease?

This is a progressive degenerative brain disease. Mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age. Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons. Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion and ultimately, hallucinations and death

What is motor output?

This is a response to integrated stimuli. The response activates muscles or glands

What is a concussion?

This is a slight brain injury where no permanent brain damage occurs. The victim may feel dizze or "see stars"

What are myelin sheaths?

This is a tight coil of wrapped membranes enclosing the axon.

What is the pineal glands?

This is an endocrine gland that is also an important part of the epithalamus.

What is stimuli?

This is another word for change

What is the dorsal root?

This is associated with the enlarged are (dorsal root ganglion). This is a collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system

What is structural classification of neurons?

This is based on the number of processes extending from the cell body

What is cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?

This is commonly called a stroke. This is the result of a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain. The brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies. Loss of some functions or death may result

What is the internal gray matter of the spinal cord?

This is mostly cell bodies that looks like a butterfly or the letter H in the cross section. These are the dorsal and the anterior horns

What is the midbrain?

This is mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers and has two bulging fiber tracts - cerebral peduncles. This also has four rounded protrusions - corpora quadrigemina - which are reflex centers for vision and hearing.

What is the meningeal layer?

This is one of the layers of the dura mater that forms the outermost covering of the brain and continues as the dura mater of the spinal cord.

What is the sympathetic division?

This is referred to as the "flight-or-flight" system. This respond to unusual stimulus and takes over to increase activities. Under these conditions, the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels; dilates the bronchioles of the lungs; and brings about many other effects that help the individual cope with the stressor EX: "E" divisions = exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

This is similar to blood plasma. It contains less protein and more vitamin C. This is formed by the choroid plexus. It forms a watery cushion to protect the brain. It is circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord.

What is the limbic system?

This is the "emotional-visceral-part" of the brain.

What is irritability function of neurons?

This is the ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into a nerve impulses

What is conductivity function of neurons?

This is the ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles, or glands

What is the pituitary gland?

This is the an endocrine gland that is attached to the hypothalamus.

What is the somatic sensory area?

This is the area that receives impulses from the body's sensory receptors

What is an axon hillock?

This is the conelike region of the cell body

What is the synaptic cleft?

This is the gap between adjacent neurons

What is sensory input?

This is the gathered information occurring both inside and outside the body

What is the pia mater?

This is the internal layer that clings to the surface of the brain

What is depolarization?

This is the inward rush of sodium (NA+) ions that changes the polarity of the neuron's membrane at that site.

cerebrum

This is the largest part of the brain.

What is The nervous system?

This is the master controlling and communicating system of the body. Every though, action, and emotion reflects its activity

What is autonomic nervous system and name the two motor nerves?

This is the motor subdivision of the PNS that controls the body activities automatically. Thus, the involuntary branch of the nervous systems. This consists of only two motor nerves: the preganglionic neuron (in the brain or spinal cord) and the postganglionic neuron (extends to the organ it serves)

What is the gray matter of the cerebrum?

This is the outer layer. This is composed of mostly of neuron cell bodies

What is Dura mater?

This is the outermost leathery layer meaning "tough or hard mothe.". This is a double -layered external covering. This folds inward in several areas

cerebrum

This is the part of the brain that interprets impulses from the senses, stores memory, and controls movements.

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

This is the part of the nervous system outside the CNS. These are the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord Ex: Spinal nerves - carry impulses to and from the spinal cord Ex: Cranial nerves - carry impulses to and from the brain

axon

This is the part of the neuron that carries messages away from the cell body.

dendrite

This is the part of the neuron that receives messages and send them to the cell body.

What is cerebral edema or intracranial hemorrhage?

This is the swelling from inflammatory response. May compress and kill brain tissue

What is the cerebellum?

This is the two hemisphere with convoluted surfaces. It provides involuntary coordination of body movements.

What is the arachnoid mater?

This is the web-like middle layer

What is myelin?

This is the whitish, fatty material (which has a waxy appearance) covering most long nerve fibers. This protects and insulates the fibers and increases the transmission rate of nerve impulses.

What is the hypothalamus?

This is under the thalamus. It is an important autonomic nervous system center because it helps regulate body temperature, controls water balance, and regulates metabolism. This is an important part of the limbic system. The pituitary gland is attached to this.

What are axon terminals?

This is where axons end These contain vesicles with neurotransmitters They are also separated from the next neuron by a gap

What is the ventral root?

This is where the motor neurons of the somatic (voluntary) nervous system sends their axons out from

What does it mean when a neuron is polarized or at rest (irritability aspect)?

This means that there are fewer positive ions sitting on the inner face of the neuron's plasma membrane than there are on its outer face

What is the sympathetic division?

This mobilizes the body during extreme situations (such as fear, exercise, or rage)

What does the white matter of the spinal cord does?

This myelinated fiber tracts is the impulse conduction tracts

What is the organelle that is lacking within the cytoplasm of the neuron's cell body?

This organelle is called centrioles

cerebellum

This part of the brain coordinates voluntary muscle movements, maintains muscle tone, and helps maintain balance.

cerebellum

This part of the brain coordinates voluntary muscle movements.

cerebellum

This part of the brain interprets stimuli from the eyes, ears, muscles, and tendons.

cerebellum

This part of the brain is located behind and under the cerebrum.

What is the parasympathetic division?

This refers to the housekeeping activities or "resting-and-digesting" system. This is concerned with conserving energy. It maintains daily necessary body functions such as the following below: The "D" divisions = digestion, defecation, and diuresis

What is autonomic reflexes?

This regulate the activity of smooth muscles, the heart, and glands. This regulates digestion, elimination, blood pressure, and sweating.

What is the autonomic nervous system?

This regulates events that are automatic, or involuntary, such as the activity of the smooth and cardiac muscles and glands. This is often referred to as the involuntary nervous system.

What is diencephalon, or interbrain?

This sits atop the brain stem and is enclosed by the cereberal hemisphere

What is the medulla oblangata?

This the lowest part of the brain stem. Merges to the spinal cord. These important fiber tracts. It also contains important control centers.

Sympathetic division fibers leave the spinal cord in the

Thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine

convex

To correct farsightedness a person needs to wear a ________ lens which is thicker in the middle than at the edges.

concave

To correct nearsightedness a person needs to wear a ________ lens which is thicker at the edges than in the middle.

What is Integration?

To process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed

(T/F) Complex networks of spinal nerves are termed nerve plexuses.

True

(T/F) Gaps between adjacent Schwann cells of a myelin sheath are known as nodes of Ranvier.

True

(T/F) Gray matter contains collections of unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies in the central nervous system.

True

(T/F) Sympathetic postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine and the preganglionic axon releases acetylcholine.

True

(T/F) The ventral and dorsi rami of each spinal nerve contain both sensory and motor nerves.

True

taste buds

What are the major sensory receptors for taste?

dendrite

What is the branch part of the neuron that receives messages and sends them to the cell body?

axon

What is the branch part of the neuron that transports messages away from the cell body?

brain stem

What part of the brain is made up of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla?

medulla oblongata

What part of the brain stem controls involuntary actions such as heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure?

reflex

When a movement causes the spinal cord to interpret an impulse from the brain from sensory receptors this movement is called a ________.

chemical

When an impulse reaches the end of an axon, the axon releases a ________.

dendrite

When an impulse reaches the end of an axon, the axon releases a chemical that flows across the synapse and relays the impulse to the ________ of the next neuron.

sound waves

When an object vibrates, it produces ________ ________ necessary for hearing sound.

retina

When light energy enters your eye the cornea and lens focus it onto the ________.

behind

When light is focused ________ the retina a person is farsighted.

front

When light is focused in ________ of the retina a person is nearsighted.

farsighted

When light is focused in behind the retina a person is ________.

nearsighted

When light is focused in front of the retina a person is ________.

olfactory cells

When you smell, molecules from food and other objects stimulate nerve cells called ________ ________ in your nasal passages.

spinal cord

Which part of the body is made up of bundles of neurons that carry impulses from all parts of the body to the brain and from the brain to all parts of the body?

spinal cord

Which part of the nervous system is made up of bundles of nerve cells that carry impulses to and from the brain?

What are the differences between somatic and autonomic nervous systems (in terms of neurotransmitters)?

With somatic, it always use acetylcholine With autonomic, it use acetylcholine, epinephrine, or norepinephrine

What are the differences between somatic and autonomic nervous systems (in terms of the effector organs)?

With somatic, its effector organ is the skeletal muscle With autonomic, its effector organs are the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

What are the differences between somatic and autonomic nervous systems (in regards to the nerves)?

With somatic, there is one motor neuron With autonomic, there are the preganglionic and postganglionic nerves

three

You have ________ kinds of nerve cells.

five

Your body has ________ senses.

neurons

Your nervous system is made up of ________ which are made up of a cell body and branches of dendrites and axons.

pinna

Your outer ear called the ________ captures sound waves and sends them to the ear canal.

taste buds

Your tongue contains ________ ________ that help you to sense tastes.

The substance that is released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse is called

a neurotransmitter

Which of these is a parasympathetic effect?

acetylcholine slows the heart

what is essential for nerve impulse propagation

action potential

What functional classification do all unipolar neurons belong in?

afferent

Which of the following is the second component in a reflex arc?

afferent neuron

despite some neuronal loss, an unlimited number of neural pathways are available and ready to be developed; therefore, additional leaning can occur throughout life. what is the statement referring to

aging

Cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed into venous blood in the dural sinuses via the ________.

arachnoid villus

what is a neuron with a cell body located in the CNS whose primary function is connecting other neurons called?

association neuron

What cells of the nervous system are responsible for anchoring neurons to their blood vessels and controlling the extracellular fluid concentrations of potassium and neurotransmitters?

astrocytes

What type of neuroglial cell is the most abundant in the CNS?

astrocytes

________ reflexes include the secretion of saliva, changes in the size of our pupils, and digestion involve the activities of smooth muscles.

autonomic

which nervous system does the subdivisions sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems belong

autonomic nervous system

The Schwann cell forms a myelin sheath around the

axon

The Schwann cell forms a myelin sheath around the ________.

axon

The part of the neuron that typically conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body is the ________.

axon

what must degenerate in order for parkinson's disease and huntington's diseaseto develop

basal ganglia

what is the type of neuron that is rarein adults and is found in some special sense organs (like eyes & ears)

bipolar neuron

The term central nervous system refers to the

brain and spinal cord

The term central nervous system refers to the ________.

brain and spinal cord

which two structures is the term central nervous system referring to

brain and spinal cord

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the ________.

brain stem

Where does CSF originate?

brain ventricles

Which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon's membrane during the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next?

calcium

which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon's membrane during the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next

calcium

The __________ nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord.

central

The nervous system is structurally subdivided into two systems: ________ nervous system and ________ nervous system.

central; peripheral

what is a traumatic brain injury called

cerebral edema

___________________is also known as a stroke

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

what is the correct sequence of nerves that exit the spinal cord, going from superior to inferior

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sarcal

Which spinal plexus gives rise to the phrenic nerve, and what organ does this nerve supply?

cervical; diaphragm

What structure produces cerebrospinal fluid?

choroid plexus

The __________ produce cerebrospinal fluid.

choroid plexuses

the sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body resulting from a combination of which two nerves

common fibular and tibial

The axon of a neuron __________.

conducts nerve impulses away from the neuron cell bod

The axon of a neuron __________.

conducts nerve impulses away from the neuron cell body

The major role of the interneuron is to

connect motor and sensory neurons in their pathways

List the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system?

decrease heart rate

The neuron processes that normally receive incoming stimuli are called ________.

dendrites

the neuron processes that normally receive incoming stimuli are called

dendrites

what is the neuron processes that normally receive incoming stimuli called?

dendrites

Together with the brain stem, the __________ oversees all subconscious, autonomic functions.

diencephalon

Which of these is part of the spinal cord?

dorsal horn

The cell bodies of sensory neurons whose fibers enter the spinal cord are found in the __________.

dorsal root ganglion

list the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

what is the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges

dura mater,arachnoid layer, pia mater

muscles and glands are

effectors

where are bipolar neurons commonly found

eyes and nose

bipolar neurons are commonly

found in the eye and nose

what is the lobe that contains the primary motor area that enables voluntary control of skeletal muscle movements

frontal

which lobes do the central sulcus separate

frontal and parietal lobes

In what part of the brain is the motor map located?

frontal lobe of the cerebral hemispheres

collections of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS are called

ganglia

what are elevated ridges located on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres called

gyri

the elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as ____ while the shallow grooves are termed ___

gyri, sulci

What part of a neuron attaches the cell body to the axon?

hillock

Control of temperature, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst are functions associated with the ________.

hypothalamus

One of the last areas of the CNS to mature is the ________, which regulates body temperature.

hypothalamus

control of temperature,endocrine activity, metabolism, andthirst are function associated with which part of the brain

hypothalamus

what is the thermostat of the body since it regulates body temperature

hypothalamus

________ connect sensory and motor neurons in neural pathways and their cell bodies are typically located in the central nervous system.

interneurons (association neurons)

what would cause a person who fell on their head to become lucid then confused and finally unresponsive

intracranial hemorrhage

The two major functional properties of neurons are ________.

irritability and conductivity

the two major functional properties of neurons are

irritability and conductivity

The deep groove that separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum is called the __________.

longitudinal fissure

what is the single deep groove separating the two cerebral hemispheres called

longitudinal fissure

which part of the brain is the vital center for the control of heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting located

medulla oblongata

what are the three major parts of the brain stem

medulla oblongata, pons, and mid brain

The brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by three connective tissue membranes that are collectively called ________.

meninges

The three connective tissue membranes covering and protecting CNS structures are collectively known as the __________. The __________ is the outermost, leathery layer.

meninges; dura mater

The cell bodies of the ________ neurons are always located within the CNS.

motor

What type of neurons are located in the ventral horns of gray matter of the spinal cord?

motor neurons

The nervous system gathers and interprets information, and then effects a response through a process called __________.

motor output

All motor and association neurons are __________.

multipolar

Neurons with several processes branching off the cell body, such as motor neurons and interneurons (association neurons), are structurally classified as ________.

multipolar

neurons with several processes branching off the cell body, such as motor neurons and interneurons, are structurally classified as

multipolar

what is the most common structural classification of motor and association neurons?`

multipolar neuron

what is needed on neurons for impulse conduction to be fast

myelin sheaths

impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that re

myelinated

why does exposure to toxins have more devastating neural effects during early pregnancy than in late pregnancy

nervous system is formed during the first month of fetal development

what is the part of a Schwann cell that is external to the myelin sheath and forms a "neuron husk"

neurilemma

Collectively, the supporting cells in the CNS are called __________

neuroglia

Collectively, the supporting cells in the CNS are called __________.

neuroglia

what is the substance that is released at axonal endings to start a nervous impulse called

neurotransmitter

The gaps between Schwann cells found at regular intervals in peripheral system neurons are called ________.

nodes of Ranvier

Which cranial nerves control movement of the eyes?

oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens

Which of these neuroglia cells forms the myelin sheath in the CNS

oligodendrocytes

_________________forms the myelin sheath in the central nervous system

oligodendrocytes

what is the sensory receptor sensitive to deep pressure

pacinian corpuscle

Digestion is favored by the _______________ nervous system

parasympathetic

The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is often called the "rest-and-digest" division.

parasympathetic

what type of stimulation is when pupils dilate

parasympathetic stimulation

To which structural class of the nervous system do autonomic nerves belong?

peripheral nervous system

The ________ is a connective tissue wrapping around fascicles of neuron fibers.

peritneurium

The delicate innermost membrane, or meningeal layer, that clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord is known as the ________ mater.

pia

The hypothalamus regulates the ________.

pituitary gland

During the resting state, a neuron is

polarized with sodium ions outside the cell and potassium ions inside the cell

immediately after an action potential is propagated, which one of the following ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid

potassium

Each spinal nerve divides into a dorsal and a ventral ________.

ramus

which of the following is the correct sequence in a typical reflex arc

receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector

Which of these lists the components of a reflex arc in the correct sequence?

receptor; afferent neuron; control center; efferent neuron; effector

the diffusion of potassium ions out of a neuron causes it to experience

repolarization

what is the area of the brain stem that plays a role in consciousness and the awake/sleep cycles

reticular activating system (RAS)

The corpus callosum connects the __________.

right and left cerebral hemispheres

The largest nerve in the body, the sciatic nerve, belongs to the ________ nerve plexus.

sacral

nerve impulse transmissions occurring along myelinated neurons ae called

saltatory conduction

Which of these is a unipolar neuron?

sensory neuron

what are afferent nerves called? what are motor nerves called?

sensory, efferent

what type of effector organ is NOT directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system

skeletal muscle

During repolarization, ________ ions are pumped out of the cell.

sodium

an action potential is caused by an influx of these ions in to the cell

sodium

which type of reflex involves skeletal muscles

somatic

What is the functional classification for voluntary nerves?

somatic motor

Which term refers to the conscious control of skeletal muscles?

somatic nervous system

Fibers that carry information from the skin, joints, and skeletal muscles to the CNS are

somatic sensory

Fibers that carry information from the skin, joints, and skeletal muscles to the central nervous system are ________.

somatic sensory

if the specialized area of the cerebral hemisphere corresponding to Broca's area is damaged, what is the result

speech muscle is lost

Which of these is stimulated by parasympathetic nerves?

stomach activity

what is a shallow groove located on the surface of the cerebral cortex called

sulcus

Sweat glands that produce perspiration when stimulated are innervated only by the ________ fibers.

sympathetic

The __________ division of the autonomic nervous system allows us to initiate the fight-or-flight response in extreme circumstances.

sympathetic

which nervous system division is responsible in preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response during threatening situations

sympathetic nervous system

The gap between two communicating neurons is termed

synaptic cleft

The gap between two communicating neurons is termed ________.

synaptic cleft

what is the structural feature that is not part of a neuron, but plays a critical role as a functional junction between neurons

synaptic cleft

Which of these parts of the brain is correctly matched with its region?

thalamus; diencephalon

Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in ________.

the dorsal root gangli of the spinal cord

What part of the CNS gives rise to sympathetic nerves?

thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

The blood-brain barrier is formed by ________ junctions that nearly seamlessly bind capillaries in the brain.

tight

Meissner's corpuscle

touch recptors; mechenical energy to electrical current; nerve ending; sensitive to (light touch, fine touch), upper part of dermis

(T/F) The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system.

true

(T/F)The collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord is called the cauda equina.

true

The number of neurons involved in transmission of impulses in the autonomic nervous system is ________.

two

what is a type of sensory neuron, such as those found in PNS ganglia

unipolar neuron

The only pair of cranial nerves to extend to the thoracic and abdominal cavities is the ________ nerves.

vagus

What cranial nerve pair supplies many organs in the ventral body cavity?

vagus nerves

Rick quickly pulled his hand away from the hot stove. This reflex is best known as a(n) ________.

withdrawal reflex

Is the following statement accurate about aging: despite some neuronal loss, an unlimited number of neural pathways are available and ready to be developed; therefore, additional learning can occur throughout life

yes