Chapter 7: The Skeleton
Identify the articulation site that allows us to rotate our head, e.g. shaking the head "no".
Atlas - axis
Which of the following characteristics do not belong to the lumbar region?
Elongated spinous process
Identify the hole that marks the opening of the ear canal on the superficial surface of the skull.
External acoustic meatus
Identify the anatomical landmark resulting in a noticeable bump found on the medial surface of the ankle.
Medial malleolus
Identify the bones that make up the palm of the hand.
Metacarpals
Identify the bones that make up the middle portion of the foot.
Metatarsals
Identify the best description for the location of the head of the femur.
Medial and proximal
Which part of the leg does the tibia form?
Medial leg
Identify the region of the sphenoid bone in contact with the pituitary gland.
Sella turcica
Which cranial bone spans the width of the cranial floor?
Sphenoid
Name the vertebral projection oriented in a median plane.
Spinous process
Identify the region of the temporal bone found superior to the external acoustic meatus that articulates with the parietal bone.
Squamous part
Identify the landmark on the temporal bone that is a pointy spine.
Styloid process
Identify the projection found on distal end of the ulna.
Styloid process
Which region of the scapula is found on the anterior surface?
Subscapular fossa
The suprascapular notch is found on
Superior border
Which region of the vertebral column is located superior to the thoracic region and which region is inferior to the thoracic region, respectively?
Superiorly: cervical and inferiorly: lumbar
Which of the following thoracic vertebrae is the largest?
T12
Identify the tarsal that articulates with the tibia and fibula.
Talus
Identify the region on the zygomatic bone that forms part of the zygomatic arch.
Temporal process
Identify the region of a rib that articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra.
Tubercle
Which bone forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum?
Vomer
What are the major functions of the intervertebral discs?
to absorb shock and provide flexibility to the spine
Identify a lateral projection of a vertebra.
transverse process
What part of this vertebra is indicated by the letter B?
transverse process
Which of the following digits contain only 2 phalanges?
1
Which vertebra lacks both a body and spinous process?
Atlas
Which facial bones makeup the central portion of the bridge of the nose?
Nasal
Which of the following bones do not contain a sinus?
Nasal
Identify the suture found between the 2 parietal bones.
Sagittal suture
Round or oval opening through a bone.
foramen
Name the foramen at letter C.
foramen magnum
What are the major function of the axial skeleton?
forms longitudinal axis; supports head, neck, and trunk; protects the brain, spinal cord, and organs
Which of the following bones is unpaired?
frontal
Which is the largest, longest, and strongest bone in the body?
the femur
How many vertebrae comprise the thoracic region of the spine?
12
How many phalanges are located in the hand?
14
How many bones make up the nasal septum?
2
How many bones make up the adult skull?
22
How many ribs make up the rib cage?
24
The adult hip bone consists of _____ regions.
3
How many lumbar vertebrae are in the vertebral column?
5
How many lumbar vertebrae are there in a typical adult skeleton?
5
How many pairs of ribs are considered false ribs?
5
How many pairs of ribs articulate directly with the sternum?
7
Name the number of tarsals.
7
How many carpals make up the wrist?
8
Identify the bone(s) that form(s) the majority of the hard palate and a keystone bone of the face.
A
Identify the group of bones known as the phalanges.
A
On which bone is the greater sciatic notch located?
A
Which letter represents the cervical curvature?
A
Which of the following pairings of letter to bone is INCORRECT? A; parietal B; zygomatic C; maxillary D; mandibular
A
Which of these curvatures on the spine are NOT present at birth but develop later?
A and C
Identify the region of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle.
Acromion process
The clavicle belongs to which of the following areas?
Appendicular skeleton
Which region of the hip bone articulates with the sacrum?
Auricular surface of the ilium
Which letter represents the lateral epicondyle?
B
Which of the designated bones articulates with both the vomer and the nasal bones?
C
Identify the anatomical term for the "heel bone".
Calcaneus
Identify the general location of the zygomatic arch.
Cheek
The inferior surface of the clavicle has a projection called the:
Conoid process
Identify the process on the scapula that does not articulate with another bone.
Coracoid process
All of the bones of the skull, except the mandible, are united by sutures and are therefore immovable. Name the major skull sutures that connect cranial bones?
Coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoid
Identify the recessed area surrounding the crista galli.
Cribriform plates
Identify the landmark that projects superiorly into the floor of the skull and serves as a site of attachment for the meninges.
Crista galli
What part of the femur articulates with the patella?
D
What part of this bone articulates with the ulna?
D
Which of the following areas/bones would absorb the impact of walking when a foot first touches the ground during a normal stride?
D
Which of the following is the only bone that normally moves in relation to the others?
D
Identify the articulation site for the head of a rib.
Demi-facet
Where in the skeleton is the ulna located in reference to the humerus?
Distal
On a busy orthopedic service, you encounter several patients, each of whom has broken a different bone in the lower extremity. Which complete fracture will probably allow the earliest resumption of normal walking?
Fibular
Name the opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.
Foramen magnum
Name major functions of the facial bones?
Form framework of the face; contain cavities for sense organs of sight, taste, and smell; provide openings for air and food; secure teeth; anchor facial muscles of expression
What part of the nasal cavity is formed by the nasal septum?
Forms the medial wall of the nasal cavity.
Identify the true statement about the head of the ulna.
Found at the distal end of the bone.
Identify the indentation that is inferiorolateral to the auricular surface.
Greater sciatic notch
Identify the landmark found on the proximal end of the humerus.
Greater tubercle
Identify the part of a rib that articulates in the demi-facets of the thoracic vertebra.
Head
What part of the humerus articulates with the scapula to form the shoulder joint?
Head
Name the type of connective tissue that anchors the ribs onto the sternum.
Hyaline cartilage
The ridge like superior edge of the ilium is known as the _____.
Iliac crest
Which of the following is the largest region of the hip bone?
Ilium
Individual vertebrae articulate with each other forming the vertebral column. Identify the part of a vertebra that articulates immediately with the vertebra below it.
Inferior articular processes
Identify the small hole on the maxillary bone located below the orbit.
Infraorbital foramen
Which landmark of the hip bone can be felt on a hard chair?
Ischial tuberosity
Why is the rib at B considered a true rib?
It passes from the vertebral column to the sternum via its own costal cartilage.
Identify the small facial bones found in the medial wall of the orbit.
Lacrimal
Which bone is NOT considered to be part of the cranium?
Lacrimal bone
Identify the large suture on the posterior surface of the skull at the border of the occipital bone.
Lambdoid
Which of the following landmarks is found on the distal end of the humerus?
Lateral epicondyle
Identify the region of the sphenoid bone that contains the optic canal.
Lesser wings
Identify the landmark found on the diaphysis of the femur.
Linea aspera
Identify the region of the temporal bone that articulates with the lower jaw.
Mandibular fossa
Which facial bones fuse to form the upper jaw?
Maxillary
Which facial bones form the roof of the mouth?
Maxillary and Palatine bones
Which surface of the maxillary bones fuse together?
Medial
The flat surface of the tibia that articulates with the femur is the superior surface of which landmark?
Medial and lateral condyles
Identify the articulation site that allows us to nod our head "yes".
Occipital bone - atlas
Identify the area of the occipital bone that articulates with the vertebral column.
Occipital condyles
Identify the region of the skull that articulates with the atlas.
Occipital condyles
Identify the depression found on the posterior surface of the distal humerus.
Olecranon fossa
Identify the region of the ulna that articulates with the humerus when the forearm is in full extension.
Olecranon process
Identify the posterior most region of the hard palate.
Palatine bones
Which part of the maxillary bones form the roof of the mouth?
Palatine processes
Which landmark is found on the anterior surface of the femur?
Patellar surface
Identify the part of the ethmoid bone that contributes to the nasal septum.
Perpendicular plate
Which part of the ethmoid bone forms part of the nasal septum?
Perpendicular plate
Identify the location of the occipital bone.
Posterior surface and base of the cranium
Which bony landmarks can be palpated on the anterior surface of the body, close to the midline?
Pubic tubercles
Which region of the vertebral column is immediately inferior to the lumbar region?
Sacral
What region of the vertebral column does the hip bone articulate with?
Sacral region
The mandible is unique among the skull bones because of which of the following characteristics?
The mandible is the only bone of the skull that is not joined to the other bones of the skull by immobile sutures.
Identify the cranial nerve that passes through the olfactory foramina.
The olfactory nerve (CN I)
How are the male and female pelvises different?
The pelvic inlet is heart-shaped in the male.
Why are the spines, tubercles, and crests of the pelvic girdle important to know and recognize?
These structures are the attachment points for many skeletal muscles and ligaments.
Which region of the vertebral column is immediately superior to the lumbar region?
Thoracic
Identify the blunt elevation found on the anterior surface of the tibia between the lateral and medial condyles.
Tibial tuberosity
Identify the articulation site for a tubercle of a rib.
Transverse costal facet
Identify the region of the humerus that articulates with the ulna, located between the medial epicondyle and capitulum.
Trochlea
Identify the primary region of the ulna that forms the hinge joint with the humerus.
Trochlear notch
What part of the sternum is palpated prior to giving CPR?
Xiphoid Process
Identify the 2 bones that make up the zygomatic arch.
Zygomatic bone and temporal bone
What is the anatomical name for the facial bones known as "cheekbones"?
Zygomatic bones
Identify the region of the temporal bone that forms part of the zygomatic arch.
Zygomatic process
Identify the region on the temporal bone that forms much of the zygomatic arch.
Zygomatic process
Identify the landmark that is not part of the sphenoid bone. a. Olfactory foramina b. Foramina rotundum c. Foramina ovale d. Optic canals
a
Which of the following bones does NOT fit with the other listed bones? a. the maxilla b. the frontal bone c. the occipital bone d. the sphenoid
a
Which of the following locations is not formed by part of the maxillae? a. Nasal septum b. Hard palate c. Upper jaw d. Orbit
a
The sella turcica is best described as
a depression
The "true wrist" or carpus consists of ________.
a group of eight short bones united by ligaments
Dysplasia of the hip may occur due to congenital malformation of the __________.
acetabulum
Identify the articulation site for the femur.
acetabulum
Which region of the skeleton contains the humerus?
appendicular
Allows the head to nod "yes."
atlas
The bone that articulates with the occipital condyles.
atlas
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
atlas
Which vertebra does NOT have a body?
atlas
What is the name of the second cervical vertebra?
axis
From the list below, select the least likely explanation for the relatively high mobility of the arms. a. The scapula does not articulate to the axial skeleton directly. b. The subscapular notch is a passageway for nerves. c. The clavicle articulates to the axial skeleton at only the sternal end. d. The relatively open glenoid cavity of the glenohumeral joint.
b
Old age affects many parts of the skeleton. Which of the following is NOT associated with old age? a. The thoracic cage becomes more rigid as costal cartilages ossify. b. The mandible continues to grow and thicken. c. The intervertebral discs become thinner and less elastic. d. The vertebrae become more porous and likely to fracture.
b
People who work at computer keyboards all day repeatedly flex their wrists and fingers and therefore become susceptible to carpal tunnel syndrome, a condition in which inflammation of tissue causes tingling and pain. Which one of the following treatments will be least likely to reduce the pain? a. local injection of an anti-inflammatory medication b. squeezing tennis balls in both hands in order to strengthen the wrist and finger muscles c. wearing wrist splints to immobilize the wrists d. surgery to relieve the pressure on the nerve that transmits the pain signals
b
Which of the following bones is NOT part of the orbit? a. the maxilla b. the temporal bone c. the zygomatic bone d. the frontal bone
b
Which of the following is NOT a movement that can occur between vertebrae? a. flexion and extension b. supination c. rotation d. lateral flexion
b
Which of the following is the abnormal curve often seen in pregnant women as they attempt to preserve their center of gravity toward the end of the pregnancy? a. kyphosis b. lordosis c. scoliosis d. hunchback
b
Which of the following pairs is correctly matched? a. lumbar vertebrae; bifid spinous processes b. lumbar vertebrae; short, flat spinous processes c. cervical vertebrae; rib facets d. thoracic vertebrae; transverse foramen e. thoracic vertebrae; triangular vertebral foramen
b
Which of the following structures would not be found within a vertebral foramen? a. Spinal nerve roots b. Intervertebral discs c. Dura mater d. Spinal cord
b
Identify the location of the ethmoid bone.
between the orbits
Identify the central portion of the sternum.
body
Which part of a vertebra is known as the centrum?
body
Which of the following bones does NOT fit with the other listed bones? a. the sternum b. the vertebrae c. the clavicle d. the true ribs
c
Which of the following is NOT a facial bone? a. the vomer bone b. the maxilla c. the sphenoid bone d. the zygomatic bone e. the nasal bone
c
Identify the bones that make up the wrist.
carpals
When looking at the range of motion of the various sections of the vertebral column the ________ has the most flexibility.
cervical spine
These bones are the smallest and lightest vertebrae.
cervical vertebrae
The fused rudimentary tailbone.
coccyx
Identify the common name for the clavicle.
collarbone
Connects parietal and frontal bones
coronal suture
Which of these important processes is found on the highlighted bone?
coronoid process
Thoracic vertebrae differ from the other vertebrae in that they have ________
costal facets
The occipital bone forms part of the
cranium
Which of the following bones are part of the axial skeleton-skull region?
cranium bones and facial bones
During concussion (a type of traumatic brain injury) the brain will move within the cranial cavity. Damage is caused to the brain as it crashes into parts of the bony cavity walls. Ironically one of the bone markings that can cause serious damage to the brain is the ________. This is ironic because one of the functions of this bone marking is to ________.
crista galli; attach to the dura matter holding the brain in place
Which of these bones aligns with the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms to form the four distal tarsals?
cuboid
Which of the following bones is NOT weight bearing? a. tibia b. talus c. femur d. fibula
d
Which of the following bones is not a facial bone? a. Inferior nasal concha b. Maxillary c. Zygomatic d. Ethmoid
d
Which of the following bones is not part of pectoral girdle? a. the clavicle b. the scapula c. the coracoid process d. the humerus
d
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the parietal bones? a. The four largest sutures occur where the parietal bones join to other bones. b. They are paired. c. They form the bulk of the cranial vault. d. They form the base of the skull.
d
Which of the following is correctly matched? a. herniated disc; dorsally exaggerated thoracic curvature b. lordosis; rupture of the anulus fibrosus c. kyphosis; accentuated lumbar curvature d. scoliosis; abnormal lateral curvature
d
Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. The female pelvis is tilted further forward than the male pelvis. b. The pubic arch is broader in the pelvis of a female than in the pelvis of a male. c. The female pelvis is thinner than that of a male. d. The pelvic outlet is narrower in a female than in a male.
d
Which of these regions of the vertebral column would be most accessible from a posterior surgical approach? a. Body b. Pedicle c. Vertebral foramen d. Lamina
d
Which of the following is a bone marking of the humerus?
deltoid tuberosity
Which is the best description for the function of the cranial bones?
encloses and protects the brain; attachment site for head and neck muscles
The superior nasal concha is a part of which bone?
ethmoid
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface.
facet
All vertebrae possess a body, a spine, and transverse foramina.
false
Because of its many direct articulations with the axial skeleton, the pectoral girdle is very stable.
false
Lordosis affects the thoracic vertebrae.
false
The dens articulates with the occipital bone.
false
The ethmoid bone forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum.
false
The ethmoid bone is a facial bone.
false
The hip bone is part of the axial skeleton.
false
The largest and strongest bone of the face is the maxilla.
false
The lumbar vertebrae are part of the appendicular skeleton.
false
The lumbar vertebrae are roughly the same size as vertebrae from the rest of the vertebral column.
false
The palpable hip bone projections in the front of the body felt when you put your hands on your hips are the posterior inferior iliac spines.
false
The temporal bone connects to the zygomatic bone via the temporal process of the temporal bone.
false
The frontal bone articulates with the parietal bone by means of the sagittal suture.
false (coronal suture)
Name bone that articulates with the proximal end of the tibia.
femur
The pelvic girdle does NOT include the ________.
femur
Identify the bone found lateral to the tibia.
fibula
What is the most specific term you could apply to the rib at D?
floating rib
Identify the location of the sphenoid bone.
floor of the skull
Which bone forms the anterior cranium?
frontal bone
Curvatures of the spine serve the body by ________.
giving additional springiness and flexibility to the spine which absorbs shock
Identify the socket of the shoulder joint.
glenoid fossa
What is the bone feature at A?
greater trochanter
Identify the region of the femur that forms part of the hip joint.
head
This bone articulates with the glenoid fossa.
humerus
The __________ is the only bone in the body that does not directly articulate with any other bone.
hyoid bone
When a hand is placed on the hip, which specific bone structure is the hand resting on?
iliac crest of the ilium
What feature is indicated by the letter A?
iliac fossa
Which parts of the pelvic girdle make up the pelvic brim?
ilium and pubis only
Connects occipital and parietal bones.
lamboid suture
Which region of the clavicle is known as the acromial end?
lateral
Which portion of the fibula articulates with the talus?
lateral malleolus
What type of bone is a phalanx?
long
What type of bones are the phalanges?
long
Which vertebrae would you expect to have the largest body, relative to the other regions?
lumbar
Name the highlighted bone(s).
mandible, or mandibular bone
Identify the shield shaped top of the sternum.
manubrium
The superior orbital fissure is formed in the sphenoid bone, whereas the inferior orbital fissure is formed between the sphenoid and ________.
maxilla
Which of the following bones are indicated by letters A, B, and D (in order)?
maxilla, temporal, and occipital
A cleft palate arises when the right and left _____________ bones fail to fuse medially during fetal development.
maxillae
Most facial bones articulate with the __________.
maxillary bones
Which bone is in direct contact with the first metatarsal?
medial cuneiform
Which of theses projections of the ethmoid bone are most visible in the nasal cavity?
middle nasal conchae
The vomer and ethmoid bones form part of the __________.
nasal septum
The condition known as a "fractured hip" is most often a break in the femur. Where is the femur particularly susceptible to a fracture?
neck
Identify the large hole found in this bone.
obturator foramen
Connects occipital and temporal bones.
occipitomastoid suture
The tiny holes in the cribriform plate are:
olfactory foramina
Which part of the ethmoid bone forms the superior part of the nasal septum?
perpendicular plate
The fingers have three of these bones and the thumb has only two.
phalanges
Along with support, the anterior longitudinal ligament of the vertebral column also acts to ________.
prevent hyperextension of the spine
Which of the following is NOT a function of the facial bones of the skull?
protect the brain from trauma
Only one component bone of the right coxal bone articulates with this same bone component on the other side of the body. Which of the following bone components fits this description?
pubis
Forearm bone that articulates with most of the carpals.
radius
Armlike bar of bone.
ramus
If a herniated disc in the lumbar region is treated by surgically removing the intervertebral disc and doing a bone graft between the adjoining vertebrae, one of the consequences might be _________.
reduced flexibility of the spine in the lower back
Which of the following structures is common only to only one region of the spinal column?
rib facets
This bone shapes the posterior wall of the pelvis.
sacrum
The nasal septum occupies which anatomic plane?
sagittal
Connects right and left parietal bones.
sagittal suture
Identify the bone that articulates with the clavicle laterally.
scapula
The feature at letter C articulates with which bone?
scapula
Which of the following is an abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column often seen in the thoracic region?
scoliosis
The axial skeleton includes ________.
skull, vertebral column, rib cage
The sella turcica is part of the ________ bone and houses the ________ gland
sphenoid; pituitary
Sharp, slender, often pointed projection.
spine
Which of the following landmarks is found on the posterior surface of the scapula?
spine
Connects temporal and parietal bones.
squamosal suture
The suture that is found where a parietal and temporal bone meet on the lateral aspect of the skull is ________.
squamous
Identify the bone that articulates with the clavicle medially.
sternum
The highlighted bone articulates with which other bone(s) of the skull?
temporal bone
Which of the following is a bony articulation for the scapula?
the acromion
Which part of a hip bone specifically articulates with the sacrum?
the auricular surface of ilium
In order to perceive the sense of smell, signals from odor receptors in the nasal cavity must be sent to the brain through which skull structures?
the cribriform foramina of the ethmoid bone
Which digit is composed of only two phalanges?
thumb
The proximal end of the ulna illustrates the relationship of form and function. The rounded trochlear notch articulates with the hourglass shape of the trochlea. This forms a joint that allows for ________.
the hinge like motion of the forearm
The glenohumeral joint that articulates the humerus to the pectoral girdle is a highly mobile joint. This mobility comes at a cost because ________.
the joint is relatively unstable and can easily dislocate
Which part of the vertebral column receives the most stress by bearing most of the weight of the body?
the lumbar region
Which of the following would be most associated with process of warming, humidifying, and filtering the air we inhale?
the nasal cavity
A fracture of which structure is commonly referred to as "breaking your hip"?
the neck of the femur
The range of motion as well as the direction of motion for the various regions of the spine differs. For example, the lumbar spine is capable of flexion and extension but little rotational movement, while the thoracic spine rotates with little flexion or extension. This is due to variation in ________.
the orientation of the superior and inferior articular facets
The lambdoid suture is located between which skull bones?
the parietal and occipital bones
Which bone or pair of bones forms the most superior portion of the cranium?
the parietal bones
The antebrachium is composed of which of the following two bones?
the radius and the ulna
What structures develop as a result of gravity acting on the skeleton after birth?
the secondary curvatures
The sphenoid bone is sometimes referred to as a "key stone" of the skull. This is due to the fact that ________.
the sphenoid is in the center of the skull and it articulates (joins) with all of the other bones of the skull (excluding the mandible)
Which forearm bone(s) contribute(s) most to the structure of the elbow joint?
the ulna
Which of the bones of the skull would you also refer to as a cheekbone?
the zygomatic bone
During cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), it is important to place the compression hands over the sternal body but not over the xiphoid process so that _________.
there is little risk of physically damaging the heart
To what region of the vertebral column does this vertebra belong?
thoracic
Choose which bone marking type would likely increase in size when a weight lifter repeatedly exercises muscles that attach to it.
trochanter
Identify the landmark that is unique to the femur.
trochanter
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process.
trochanter
Costal cartilages join most ribs to the sternum.
true
In the anatomical position, the lateral forearm bone is the radius.
true
In women of childbearing age, the dimensions of the true pelvis are of utmost importance.
true
Most of the body's weight is carried by the talus and calcaneus.
true
The ethmoid bone is part of the axial skeleton.
true
The ischium articulates with both the ilium and the pubis forming the acetabulum.
true
The lacrimal bone contains a groove that forms part of lacrimal fossa. Along with the soft tissue of the lacrimal sac, these structures drain tears from the eye into the nasal passage.
true
The lumbar vertebrae are found in the lower back.
true
The most common site of fracture in the humerus is the surgical neck which is distal to the anatomical neck.
true
The projection at the inferior end of the greater sciatic notch is the ischial spine.
true
The shape of the spinous process can be used to help determine if a vertebra is from the lumbar region.
true
The sphenoid bone contains a sinus (a hollow cavity contained within the bone).
true
The term vertebrochondral ribs refers to the "false ribs", that attach to each other before they attach to the sternum.
true
The tubercle of a rib articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra.
true
The vertebral column is held in place primarily by the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments.
true
The vomer along with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone forms the bony part of the nasal septum.
true
There are seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five lumbar vertebrae.
true
Name the bone feature identified by the letter D.
vertebral foramen
What bone forms part of the nasal septum?
vomer