Chapter 7&8

"Minute Men"-Minutemen"

was the nickname given to local militiamen who fought against the British during the Revolutionary War. They were called minutemen because of their supposed ability to be ready for battle at a minute's notice.

Marquis de Lafayette

-French who was made a major general in the colonial army at the age of 19; the "French Gamecock"; his services were invaluable in securing further aid from France.

George Rogers Clark

-Frontiersman; led the seizing of 3 British forts in 1777; led to the British giving the region north of the Ohio River to the United States.

Bunker/Breed's Hill

-May 1775 Tiny American force under Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold surprised and captured the British garrisons at Ticonderoga and Crown Point in Upper New York.Gunpowder and artillary for the siege at Boston was obtained.June 1775 Colonists siezed Bunker Hill (Breed's Hill).Americans numbering 1500 soldiers slaughtered the advancing redcoats. Colonists were short on gunpowder and were foced to abandon the hill.

virtual representation

-Theory that claimed that every member of Parliament represented all British subjects, even those Americans in Boston or Charleston who had never voted for a member of the London Parliament.

Patrick Henry-

-assionate revolutionary, "Give me liberty or give me death";Patrick Henry was the American orator who urged colonists to take up arms against the British, proclaiming, "I know not what course others may take; but as for me... give me liberty or give me death!"

stamp act

1765 George Grenville imposed this measure to raise revenue in support of the new military force. The Stamp Act mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of the tax.

mercenary

1765 a professional soldier

Declaratory Act

1766 Parliament repealed the Stamp Act and passed this act which reaffirmed Parliament's right to "bind" the colonies. Line in sand drawn.

Thomas Paine-

1776 wrote Common Sense, convinced American colonies that their true cause was independence not reconciliation with Britain, also supported the idea of a "republic"

Treaty of Paris,

1783-(1783) By the treaty: The British recognized the independence of the United States and granted it generous boundaries, as well as a share of Newfoundland for fishing (which greatly upset the Canadians). The Americans had to ensure they would not persecute the Loyalists, restore their property and pay debts already owed to British creditors.

Loyalists/Tories

A colonist in the new world who remained loyal to the British during the American Revolution.

rabble

A mass of disorderly and crude common people. "This rabble was nevertheless whipped into a professional army. . . ."

admiralty courts

Stamp Act and Sugar Act offenses were tried in this court. Juries were not allowed and the burden of proof was on the defendant. All were assumed to be guilty until proven innocent. Trial by jury and innocent until proven guilty were basic rights that the British people everywhere had held dear.

John Adams

Second president of America. Best accomplishments near the end of his term. I: Got rid of standing army and Hamilton as head. Made peace with France after the XYZ affair, and avoided possible war. Fired most of his cabinet that was left over from Washington.

blockade

The isolation of a place by hostile ships or troops. "Now the French had powerful fleets. . . in a position to jeopardize Britain's blockade. . . ."

indictment

A document officially charging a person with a crime.

enumerated products

The term for products, such as tobacco, that could be shipped only to England and not to foreign markets

natural rights"-

The theory that people are born with certain "natural rights." Some say these rights are anything people do in the pursuit of liberty--as long as the rights of others are not impeded.

Thomas Jefferson

A prominent statesman, Thomas Jefferson became George Washington's first secretary of state. Along with James Madison, Jefferson took up the cause of strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government. As the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809, Jefferson organized the national government by Republican ideals, doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American neutrality

dictatorship

A system of government in which the ruler has absolute authority. confiscate act- The first of these acts, approved on August 6, 1861, granted freedom for all slaves who had served in the Confederate military. It also allowed for Union seizure of all rebel property. This act was only enforced in areas where the Union Army had a presence. Lincoln resisted this act because he feared the effect it would have on the political climate.

Battle of Saratoga-

After Burgoyne had captured Fort Ticonderoga in July 1777 his troops ran into trouble and became exhausted, supplies ran short, etc. He then sent an expedition to Bennington to capture American supplies but a force of New England militia met them and defeated them. his men were surrounded near Saratoga by the Continental Army, he surrendered. This battle was the turning point of the war and convinced France to aid the American cause.

1st Continental Congress

All colonies but Georgia went to this Congress in Philadelphia in 1774 to determine how the colonies should react to what, from their viewpoint, seemed to pose an alarming threat to their rights and liberties; no talk of secession from England, just wanted to protest parliamentary acts and restore the relationship they had with Britain before the French and Indian War

John Paul Jones/privateers

American naval hero. He went to sea at age 12 and became a ship's master at age 21. He joined his brother in Virginia in 1775. When the American Revolution began, he joined the new Continental Navy under Esek Hopkins. In 1776 he sailed the Providence along the Atlantic coast, capturing eight British ships and sinking eight more. Appointed by Congress to the newly built Ranger, he made a spectacular cruise through St. George's Channel and the Irish Sea (1777 - 78), where he took a number of prizes. In 1779 he commanded the Bonhomme Richard and intercepted a merchant fleet. Though outgunned by an escort ship, the Serapis, he forced its surrender after a fierce battle, answering its challenge to surrender with "I have not yet begun to fight!" His ship sank soon after, and he sailed two British prizes to the Netherlands. In 1790 he retired, in ill health, to France.

envoy

An individual sent by the government on special assignment.

Sons of Liberty

An organization established in 1765, these members (usually in the middle or upper class) resisted the Stamp Act of 765. Even though the Stamp Act was repealed in 1766, the Sons of Liberty combined with the Daughters of Liberty remained active in resistance movements.

John Hancock

Boston smuggler and prominent leader of the colonial resistance, who served as president of the Second Continental Congress; first person to sign the declaration of independence

John Burgoyne

British general who submitted a plan for invading NY thru Canada but was defeated. Surrendered at Saratoga 1777 which helped bring France into war.

King George 3

British monarch during the run-up to the Americn Revolution, he contributed to the imperial crisis wit his dogged insistence on asserting Britian's power over her colnial possessions; King George 3, the King of England from 1760 to 1820, exercised a greater hand in the government of the American colonies than had many of his predecessors. Colonists were torn between loyalty to the king and resistance to acts carried out in his name. After King George 3 rejected the Olive Branch Petition, the colonists came to see him as a tyrant

Charles Cornwallis

British soldier and statesman. In 1780, during the American Revolution, he was appointed British commander in the American South. He defeated Horatio Gates at Camden, S.C., then marched into Virginia and encamped at Yorktown (see Siege of Yorktown). Trapped and besieged there, he was forced to surrender his army (1781), a defeat that effectively ended military operations in the war.

Boston Massacre

British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed. The colonists blamed the British and the Sons of Liberty and used this incident as an excuse to promote the Revolution.

republicanis

Derived from Greek and Romans republics. Meant a just society was one in which all citizens subordinated their private, selfihs interest to the common good.Stability of the society was then dependant on the virtue of its citizens and it was opposed to hierarchical and authoriatrian institutions such as a monarchy

republicanism

Derived from Greek and Romans republics. Meant a just society was one in which all citizens subordinated their private, selfihs interest to the common good.Stability of the society was then dependant on the virtue of its citizens and it was opposed to hierarchical and authoriatrian institutions such as a monarchy

William Howe

English General who commanded the English forces at Bunker Hill. Did not relish the rigors of winter campaigning, and he found more agreeable the bedtime company of his mistress. At a time when it seemed obvious that he should join the forces in New York, he joined the main British army for an attack on Philadelphia

How did the Seven Years' War change the relationship between Britain and its colonies?

First, the war took the French out of North America. The colonists no longer had to fear being taken by France if they were to break free from Britain. Second and more importantly, the war cost a huge amount of money. The British felt that the colonies should pay some part of that sum. The colonists had not been taxed as heavily as the people in Britain itself and the British government felt this should change. The taxes that the British then imposed on the colonies were the major cause of the discontent that led to the Revolutionary War.

Evaluate the role of the French in the Revolution.

France was "thirsting for revenge" of Great Britain. The model treaty was negociated and America had their first ever forign military alliance. French and Spanish fleets out numbered the british Isles multiple times. France provided the rebels with guns, money, equitment, about one-half of americas armed forces and pratically of the their navy force. Frances entrance into the conflict made the british change their basic war strategy for america. The french had powerful fleets in the waters to jepordize britian's blockade and lines supply.

Richard Henry Lee

From Virginia. On June 7, 1776 he moved that the colonies should be independent states and after considerable debate the motion was adopted nearly a month later, on July 2, 1776.

Trenton

George Washington suprised and captured a garrison of sleeping German Hessians, raising the morale of his crestfallen army and setting the stage for his victory at Princeton a week later; Battle where George Washington crossed over ice clogged Delaware River to execute a surprise attack on the sleeping Hessians at Trenton.He was successful and this was a pivotal battle for the colonists as it helped to lift their spirits and move on with their quest for independence.

Hessians/mercenaries

German troops that King George III hired when he proclaimed the colonies to be in rebellion on August 1775, angered colonists "Olive Branch Petition"-last ditch effort at peace that proclaimed American loyalty to the crown, begging king to prevent further hostilities- failed

Benedict Arnold

He was an American General during the Revolutionary War (1776). He prevented the British from reaching Ticonderoga. Later, in 1778, he tried to help the British take West Point and the Hudson River but he was found out and declared a traitor.

British East India Co.

In 1773, the British East India Company was overstocked with 17 million pounds of unsold tea. If the company collapsed, the London government would lose much money. Therefore, the London government gave the company a full monopoly of the tea sell in America. Fearing that it was trick to pay more taxes on tea, the Americans rejected the tea. When the ships arrived in the Boston harbor, the governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Hutchinson, forced the citizens to allow the ships to unload their tea.

Crispus Attucks

Killed in Boston Massacre, black laborer, only African-American person killed in Boston Massacre

Samuel Adams

Massachusetts Revolutionary leader and propagandist who organized opposition to British policies after 1764; radical member of Sons of Liberty, worried that violence of group would discredit it; proposed united plea for repeal of Townshend Duties and another pan-colonial congress; circulated his own exaggerated version of events around colonies

Patriots/Whigs

Name given to party of patriots of the new land resisting England prior to the Declaration of Independence.

Townshend act

Named for Charles Townshend, head of British ministry. Persuaded parliament to pass these regulations with an import duty on glass, while lead, paper and paint and tea. This was an indirect customs duty payable at American ports

Battle of Yorktown

October 19, 1781; Last major battle of the Revolutionary War) American troops under George Washington and Comte de Rochambeau trapped British troops under Charles Cornwallis and his troops in the Chesapeake Bay, with the help of Admiral de Grasse and the French fleet. Cornwallis was forced to surrender. Significance: although not the last of the fighting, this signified the end of the war.

Baron von Steuben

Organizational genius who turned raw colonial recruits into tough military soldiers;Prussian soldier who helped train American forces at Valley Forge in the American Revolutionary War.

Intolerable Acts

Parliament Passes the "Intolerable Acts"; In 1774, Parliament punished the people of Massachusetts for their actions in the Boston Tea Party. Parliament passed laws, known as the Intolerable Acts, which restricted colonists' rights. The laws made restrictions on town meetings, and stated that enforcing officials who killed colonists in the line of duty would be sent to Britain for trial (where it was assumed they would be acquitted of their charges). Quebec Act-The Quebec Act was also passed in 1774, but was not apart of

Lord North

Prime Minister of Great Britain during most of her conflict with America; attempted to appease the colonies by modifying the Townshend Acts and imposing the Tea Act, but he just caused tensions to escalate and boil over; forced to resign after the British surrender at Yorktown

Joseph Brant

Pro-British Mohawk chief who urged Inidans to join the British and lead raids in the Pennsylvania and New York frontier. Oneidas and Tuscaroras were pro-American. (p.164)

Nathaniel Greene

Quaker-reared tactician who distinguished self as American general by tactic of delay; stood then retreated continuously, exhausting his foe Cornwallis; succeeded in clearing most of Georgia and South Carolina of British troops; a.k.a. the "Fighting Quaker"

Committees of Correspondence

Samuel Adams started the first committee in Boston in 1772 to spread propaganda and secret information by way of letters. They were used to sustain opposition to British policy. The committees were extremely effective and a few years later almost every colony had one. This is another example of the colonies breaking away from Europe to become Americans.

2nd Continental Congress

intercolonial assembly that met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775; all thirteen colonies were represented; still wanted to just get British acts repealed and wrote new appeals to British people and king, but raised money to create an army and navy

Iroquois confederation

The Iroquois Confederacy was a group of five and then six Indian tribes that inhabited upper New York state in the 17th and 18th centuries. They had a well-organized society and were one of the most powerful native groups in North America. They played a strategic role in conflicts between the English and French.

Quebec Act

The Quebec Act was also passed in 1774, but was not apart of the Intolerable Acts. It gave Catholic French Canadians religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law; this law nullified many of the Western claims of the coast colonies by extending the boundaries of the province of Quebec to the Ohio River on the south and to the Mississippi River on the west.

Battles of Lexington and Concord

The battles of Lexington and Concord initiated the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British. British governor Thomas Gage sent troops to Concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, starting the war. The battles resulted in a British retreat to Boston

Invasion of Canada

The colonists decided that invading this country would add a 14th colony and deprive Britain of a valuable base for striking at the colonies in revolt. This gen. captured Montreal and was added by another gen. in Quebec

nonimportation agreements

The effective form of organized colonial resistance against the Stamp Act, which made homespun clothing fashionable; Not to buy or sell goods to Britain, resulted in the British merchants complaining and the repeal the act.

Evaluate the impact of British legislative policies on the colonies.

These legislations caused tensions between colonists and imperial officials, who made it clear that the British Parliament would not address American complaints that the new laws were onerous. British unwillingness to respond to American demands for change allowed colonists to argue that they were part of an increasingly corrupt and autocratic empire in which their traditional liberties were threatened. This position eventually served as the basis for the colonial Declaration of Independence.

Common Sense

Thomas Paine published the pamphlet Common Sense in 1776, in which argued that the colonists should free themselves from British rule and establish an independent government based on Enlightenment ideals - one that would protect man's natural rights. Common Sense became so popular that many historians credit it with dissolving the final barriers to the fight for independence.

George Washington

Virginian who was Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and President of the Constitutional Convention. Later became the first President. Founding Father.

Boston Tea Party

a 1773 protest in which colonists dressed as Indians dumped British tea into Boston harbor

"natural aristocracy"

an aristocracy which comes out of work and competition rather than birth, education, or special privelege

Navigation laws

between the late 1600s and early 1700s, the British passed a series of laws to put pressure on the colonists to stay with in the mercantilist system. set up admirality courts to try violators, the molasses act of 1733 and enumerated goods are examples of Navigation Acts

boycott

boycott-To abstain from using, buying, or dealing with; happens all of the time everywhere all over the world; labor unions, consumer groups, countries boycott products to force a company or government to change its politics.

stamp act congress

colonists outcried against the stamp tax. in 1765 there formed a stamp act congress which gathered in new york city, 27 delegates from 9 colonies. the members debated and then drew up a statement of their rights and grievences and asked the king and parliament to to repeal the offensive legislation. beginning of the steps toward intercolonial unity.

Taxation without representation

cry used by the colonists to protest the Stamp Act pf 1765. The colonists declared they had no one representing them in parliament,so parliament had no right to tax them

Be able to explain the following fully: - Trace the major causes of the American Revolution, including the economic, political, ideological, and social differences between the colonists and the British.

economical- boston tea party; intolerable acts; sugar act; stamp act political- no parlimentary representation; taxation without representation; british laws only benefited british not the colonies; first contential congress; second contential congress; the dening of the olive branch treaty ideological- many did not want to be under britian and wanted to have "complete freedom"; the enlightenment of natural and basic rights social- many protest lead directly to the revolution; battles of lexington and concord; salutary neglect; sons and daughters of liberty

Daughters of Liberty

female organizations that enforced the nonimportation agreements, sometimes by coercive means

graft-

graft-Taking advantage of one's official position to gain money or property by illegal means. "It had the unfortunate effect of . . . involving Americans . . . in speculation and graft."

Treaty of Ft. Stanwix

he first treaty between the United States and an Indian nation; forced the Indians to cede most of their land;Treaty signed by the United States and the pro-British Iroquois granting Ohio Country to the Americans

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

papers written by John Dickinson which stated that Parliament could not exercise its power to raise revenue for itself in the colonies. It could regulate colonial trade however. This allowed the colonists to feel as if they could approve each of Parliament's laws pertaining to trade and then decide whether or not to obey it. This was ineffective.

Declaration of Rights & Grievances

petition to the king, demanded the repeal of the Coercive Acts, repudiated the Declaratory Act, stated that British control was limited to matters of trade, If Parliament did not repeal the Intolerable Acts by September 1775, the Congress vowed to cut off all exports to Britain, Ireland, and the British West Indies

Assess the balance of forces between the British and the American rebels as the two sides prepared for war.

the British were much more prepared, skilled and better equipped than the colonists, but the colonists had outstanding leaders and the advantage of fighting on their own familiar land.

mercantilism

the economic theory that all parts of a nation's or empire's economy should be coordinated for the good of the whole state/empire; hence, that colonial economic welfare should be subordinated to that of the imperial power. (This system was embraced by the British and opposed by many colonists who believed they were being used for the mother country's sole benefit).

Mercy Otis Warren

the head of patriot women during the revolution; produced many writings questioning the declining republican values in post-revolutionary America; blamed the "constant state of war", relaxation of government, sudden fluctuation in money, and new foreign intercourse for the chaos of the 1780s