Chapter 8

Six-year-old Melanie is an enthusiastic child looking forward to first grade. According to Erikson's socioemotional developmental theory, she is in the BLANK versus BLANK stage of development.

1. industry 2. Inferiority

According to Piaget, during which age range does the preoperational stage occur?

2 to 7 years

At around what age is the human body at its physical peak?

20

According to Piaget, conservation is which of the following?

A belief in the permanence of an object despite superficial changes

Elliott is a 2-year-old toddler. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, this means that he is in the preoperational stage. Which of the following is true of this stage? (Select all that apply.)

A child's thinking in this stage is limited because it is egocentric. Children have difficulty in this stage understanding the concept of reversible operations.

Which of the following are examples of schemas? (Select all that apply

A concept that exists at a given moment in a person's mind A framework used for organizing information

What do psychologists mean when they talk about "resilience"?

A person's ability to adapt to challenges or recover from difficulty

Which of the following is an example of cross-sectional research?

A study that involves simultaneously collecting data from a group of 5 year olds, 15 year olds, and 25 year olds

Which of the following best represent the influence of gender roles? (Select all that apply.)

A young boy goes to school wearing a pink shirt, and his classmates ask him why. Prior to World War II, men in the United States were considered the breadwinners. In a particular culture, women are expected to take care of the house and children.

Which of the following is typical of the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget? (Select all that apply.)

Abstract thinking is not yet developed. It involves logical reasoning.

Joe is 2 1/2 years old and is developing a strong sense of independence. According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, he is most likely in which stage of development?

Autonomy versus shame and guilt

Which of Erikson's stages occurs in childhood and involves asserting independence for the first time?

Autonomy versus shame and guilt

Which of the following are examples of cognition? (Select all that apply.)

Being able to speak and understand words Imagining a future occupation Solving problems

Which of the following is the best example of "nature" in the context of the nature-nurture influence?

Biological inheritance

Which of the following developments are typical of Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt? (Select all that apply.)

Children begin to take responsibility for their own actions. Children's social worlds widen.

What type of development is characterized by improved capacity to process information and understand the world due to advancing age and experience?

Cognitive development

Which of Piaget's stages occurs from ages 7 to 12 years and is characterized by logical thought, reversibility, and the loss of egocentrism?

Concrete operational

In a research study, Dr. Lopez asked people ages 20, 40, and 60 about their levels of happiness. This research is best described as which of the following?

Cross-sectional

BLANK refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life.

Development

Ian is a 19-year-old who is asking questions such as "who am I?" and "What do I want to do with my life?" Ian is most likely in _____.

Erikson's stage of identity versus identity confusion

Which of the following examples represent "nature" influences? (Select all that apply.

Eye color Family history of hair loss

True or false: According to Baumrind's parenting theory, parents who are neglectful deliberately rear their children by putting few restraints on them.

False

Which of the following statements describes conception?

Fertilization occurs and a zygote is formed.

According to Baumrind, authoritative parents are which of the following?

Firm, set clear limits, and reason with their children to explain things to them

Madeleine is 16 years old. She is able to think somewhat like a scientist, devising plans to solve problems and testing solutions. Which of Piaget's stages is Madeleine most likely in?

Formal operational

Which of Piaget's stages occurs from about age 12 through adulthood and is characterized by abstract thought?

Formal operational

Mary, 18 months old, sees a stuffed dog being covered by a blanket. According to Piaget's theory, if she removes the blanket in order to find the stuffed dog, she has done which of the following?

Grasped the idea of object permanence

Which of these are major criticisms of Kohlberg's theory? (Select all that apply.)

He doesn't adequately acknowledge how some people's moral views are shaped by concern for others, not for individual rights. Moral reasoning does not necessarily mean moral behavior. He did not adequately account for the role of culture in shaping morality.

Ramon is a freshman in college. He doesn't know what his major will be, and he has few ideas of what he wants to do in life. According to Erikson, he is in which of the following stages of development?

Identity versus identity confusion

According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, in which stage do children start forming friendships and taking on greater responsibilities?

Initiative versus guilt

Which of Erikson's stages occurs in childhood and involves more challenges and developing more purposeful behavior?

Initiative versus guilt

Which of the following is typical of Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority? (Select all that apply.)

It involves mastering knowledge. It involves mastering intellectual skills. It occurs from about the age 6 to puberty.

Which of the following statements apply to a person's role in his or her own development? (Select all that apply.)

It is an interactive role. It is an active role.

Which of the following characteristics apply to the developmental period of emerging adulthood? (Select all that apply.)

It is characterized by experimentation and exploration. It is the transition period between adolescence and adulthood.

Which of the following apply to the concept of gender? (Select all that apply.)

It is complex. It refers to psychological aspects of being male or female. It refers to social aspects of being male or female.

Which of the following examples describes "egocentric thought" in Piaget's preoperational stage?

Kaylee is reading a picture book and assumes that her mother who is across the room can see the pictures.

Which of the following are true in regard to Vygotsky's theory of development? (Select all that apply.)

Learning occurs through interaction with skilled others. It emphasizes collaborative learning. The goal of cognitive development is to become competent in your culture.

Lucy is 2 years old and is most likely in Erikson's socioemotional developmental stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt. Which of the following statements are true regarding Lucy in this stage of development? (Select all that apply.)

Lucy is discovering that she has a will of her own. Lucy will begin to assert her independence.

Who are you? This question pertains to which of the following theories?

Marcia's theory of exploration and commitment

What are the three domains of development?

Physical, cognitive, and socioemotional

Which statements about development in adulthood are true? (Select all that apply.)

Piaget's concept of accommodation can help us understand how people make sense of changes in their lives. Throughout life, it is ideal if people are open to change.

Which of the following traits define the authoritative parent, according to Baumrind? (Select all that apply.)

Places limits Encourages independence

BLANK is the period of physical development during which sexual organs mature. Listen to the complete question

Puberty

Which of the following changes are typical of puberty? (Select all that apply.)

Rapid skeletal growth Hormonal changes Changes in the brain

According to Baumrind, authoritarian parents are which of the following?

Rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience

Which of the following statements are true regarding Piaget's theory of schemas? (Select all that apply.)

Schemas are expressed as various behaviors and skills. A schema organizes information. A schema assists us in making sense of experience.

Which of Piaget's stages occurs from birth to 2 years age, during which time a child has little capacity to represent the environment with language or other symbols?

Sensorimotor

BLANK is a basic, innate emotional disposition that emerges very early in life and affects behavior throughout childhood.

Temperament

Which of the following statements are correct regarding Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage? (Select all that apply.)

The outcome depends on whether the infant's caretakers meet its needs. It occurs during the first year and a half of life.

Which of the following has been supported by recent research on cognition in early adulthood? (Select all that apply.)

Thinking becomes more pragmatic and realistic. One major task is to develop a worldview and to recognize that it is subjective.

A person is born with some serious physical problems but perseveres throughout development and chooses environmental reinforcers that allow them to construct a unique developmental path. Which of the following best describes this process?

This person demonstrates the active and interactive role of genetic inheritance and the environment.

True or false: Gender includes not only biological sex but also one's understanding of the meaning of gender in one's life.

True

According to Erikson, which of these is true about the trust versus mistrust stage of development? (Select all that apply.)

Trust in infancy creates a life expectation that people are good. Trust develops if basic needs such as food, comfort, and warmth are met.

Which of Erikson's stages occurs in infancy and involves feeling a sense of assurance toward one's caregiver?

Trust versus mistrust

Which of the following provides evidence in favor of terror management theory? (Select all that apply.)

When reminded of their own death, people endorse cultural beliefs more strongly. When reminded of their own death, people reject individuals who violate their cultural beliefs.

Bonanno's theory of grieving identifies four different patterns. Which of the following is NOT one of those patterns?

acceptance

The transition period between adolescence and adulthood is considered to be the emerging

adulthood

Marissa is an adolescent who is trying to "find herself." Her parents are shocked when she announces she wants a tattoo and shows up to the breakfast table with purple hair. According to Erikson, Marissa is in the stage of identity versus identity/role BLANK

confusion

What is the primary focus of Vygotsky's theory of development?

culture

Kübler-Ross focused on terminally ill individuals and identified five progressive stages of coping with death. Select all five stages.

denial anger bargaining depression acceptance

True or false: Developmental psychologists view development as occurring mainly during infancy and childhood.

false

True or false: Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been criticized on the grounds that his research involved women.

false

What will be the sex of a child who inherits an X chromosome from the mother and an X chromosome from the father?

female

An expectation of how a male or female should think, act, and feel is referred to as a

gender roles

The term BLANK BLANK is used to describe a mental framework that organizes and guides an individual's thoughts in terms of what it means to be male or female.

gender schema

When one twin boy's penis was irreversibly damaged in a medical procedure, a sex researcher persuaded the boy's parents to raise the boy as a _____.

girl, trusting socialization to establish a female identity for the infant

What term is used to describe the distinguishing character of an individual, what roles we play, and what we are capable of?

identity

Marcia proposed the concept of _____ to describe a person's position in the development of identity.

identity status

In early adulthood, capacities for reasoning and verbal memory _____.

increase

Allison is in Piaget's preoperational stage of development. She is asked to explain how she knows something. She says, "I just know." This is an example of what Piaget referred to as _____.

intuitive thought

Piaget observed that children in the preoperational stage of development often are quite certain that they know the answer to something and are not bothered by the fact that they have not arrived at the answer through logical reasoning but through reliance on previous experiences and guessing. He called this _____.

intuitive thought

What will be the sex of a child who inherits an X chromosome from the mother and a Y chromosome from the father?

male

BLANK development consists of changes with age in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide what people should do or what is ethically right.

moral

_____ development consists of changes with age in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide what people should do or what is ethically right.

moral

According to Baumrind, parents interact with their children in one of four basic ways. Parents who are not involved with their children are described as _____ parents.

neglectful

Piaget's term for the crucial accomplishment of the sensorimotor stage, at which a child understands that something exists even if it cannot be seen, is _____.

object permanence

You show a child a toy and then hide that toy behind a chair, and when the child wants the toy, he or she only looks in plain sight, not behind the chair. According to Piaget, the child could be said to lack a mastery of _____.

object permanence

Tommy, aged 9, and Max, aged 8, are playing with trucks. Sally, aged 8, wants to play. "Trucks are for boys!" Max shouts. This illustrates that _____. (Select all that apply.)

peers are involved in gender development peers of this age are quite strict in terms of what is gender appropriate

Fred and Diana want their children to "find their own path in life." As a result, they place very few demands on their children's behavior and provide lots of love but very few rules. According to Baumrind's theory of parenting, they are using a BLANK parenting style.

permissive

Which of Baumrind's parenting styles best describes a child-rearing situation in which parents let their children do pretty much what they want?

permissive

Erica is asked if it's ever appropriate for people to protest violently against the government. She replies, "Yes, there are cases where it might be ethical, such as if the government is acting abusively toward its citizens." By focusing on the larger ethical principle, Erica shows that she is in Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral development.

postconventional

Four-year-old Sam is asked if it's acceptable to take another child's toy. Sam replies, "No, because Mom will get mad." By focusing only on the threat of punishment and not on the other child's rights or general rules about playing with others, Sam shows that he is in Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral development.

preconventional

Dr. Salzano is showing infants pictures of their parents and of strangers. He wants to know if the babies will consistently look at their parents rather than look at the two pictures equally. Dr. Salzano is using the _____ technique.

preferential looking

When behavior is intended to benefit others, psychologists refer to this as _____ behavior.

prosocial

A person's ability to adapt to or recover from difficult circumstances is known as _____.

resilience

Bonanno's theory of grieving identifies four different patterns. Select all four.

resilience Recovery Chronic dysfunction Delayed grief or trauma

According to Piaget, a BLANK is a concept or framework that exists in a person's mind and that organizes information and provides a framework for interpreting the information.

schema

According to Piaget, in the sensorimotor stage, the infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating _____ experiences with _____ actions.

sensory; physical

John Money, a well-known sex researcher, believed that ______ was the main determinant of gender.

socialization

Which of the following refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding?

temperament

BLANK BLANK theory indicates that by investing in our cultural worldview, we are shielded from the fear of personal death.

terror mangment

Dr. Abramowitz is a psychological researcher studying infants. He shows infants cards with shapes of different colors, records the amount of time they spend looking at each card, and uses the information to determine whether infants can distinguish among objects. Dr. Abramowitz's research can best be described as ___

using the preferential looking technique