Chapter 8

The results of major studies fail to show that high Vitamin E intakes can reduce the risk of

-cardiovascular disease. -cognitive impairment. -cancer.

In the body, pantothenic acid is important for

-energy metabolism. -fatty acid production.

What roles does vitamin A play in the body?

-formation of epithelial cells -cell growth -cell production

When taken during pregnancy, excess vitamin A is a(n) _____.

-teratogen -agent that causes birth defects

Vitamin C is different than the rest of the B vitamins in that it does not function as part of a

coenzyme.

Connective tissue gets its strength from the protein

collagen

Folate is reported in _____ to account for the differences in the body's ability absorb folic acid and natural forms of folate.

dietary folate equivalents (DFEs)

When should the consumption of vitamin A supplements be avoided?

during pregnancy

Niacin participates in which of the following?

energy metabolism

Folic acid is the synthetic form of _______ that is found in supplements and added to fortify foods.

folate

Liver, legumes, broccoli, and orange juice are all good sources of _____.

folate

Which vitamin cannot be used when vitamin B-12 is unavailable?

folate

Which of the following has the greatest impact on your long-term health?

quitting smoking

The fat-soluble vitamins are _____.

A, D, E, K

Cells require vitamin_______ to make coenzymes that participate in a variety of cellular processes, including the transfer of CH3 groups in the metabolism of folate.

B-12

In its coenzyme form, biotin participates in chemical reactions that

add carbon dioxide to other compounds.

___________ is the second leading cause of death in the United States.

cancer.

A small, organic molecule that interacts with enzymes, enabling the enzymes to function is called a(n)

coenzyme

The pigments called carotenoids are often found in______.

fruits and vegetables

Homocysteine may be a biochemical marker or risk factor for______.

heart disease

There ______ an association between eating diets rich in fruits and vegetables and lower risk of certain cancers, heart disease and age-related macular degeneration.

is

What is the most active form of vitamin A in the body?

retinol

The ________ ________ is the primary site of vitamin absorption.

small intestine

Where does vitamin C absorption occur?

small intestine

What is a complex organic compound that regulates certain metabolic processes in the body?

vitamin

Folate's metabolic roles are related to those of ______. Diets that lack either vitamin produce a number of identical deficiency signs and symptoms.

Vitamin B-12

Collagen synthesis, antioxidant activity, and assistance in immune system functioning are all functions of which vitamin?

Vitamin C

The use of which vitamin supplement has been associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer and hemorrhagic stroke?

Vitamin E

What vitamin deficiency will result in blood that does not clot effectively?

Vitamin K

Vitamin supplements are effective for treating people with______.

Vitamin deficiencies

Individuals with excess body fat and are obese have a higher risk of _____.

Cancer

Diets supplying high amounts of ____________(like beta-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin) may slow the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Carotenoids

In order to make phospholipids and acetylcholine, the body needs the vitamin called ______________

Choline

____________ is a fibrous protein that gives strength to connective tissue.

Collagen

Which of the following are examples of vitamins that many American adults don't receive enough of?

D, E, & Choline

True or false: Taking supplements in folic acid, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 will lower a person's risk for heart disease.

False

The deficiency disease for vitamin C is called

Scurvy

Which foods are good sources of vitamin E?

Sunflower seeds and plant oils

Which vitamin plays a role in the chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates?

Thiamin

A nutritionally adequate diet can supply vitamins that last for days and even years.

True

What is the best way to preserve vitamin content in foods during cooking?

little contact between food and water use quick cooking methods

A disease has __________ hen cancer spreads to other tissues. (Be sure to spell the answer correctly.)

metastasized

Which foods are good sources of vitamin D?

milk salmon herring

A water-soluble vitamin that is involved in the release of energy from macronutrients is _________

niacin

Although not used currently as a medication, which vitamin was previously used to lower blood cholesterol levels?

niacin

The B vitamin that has been used to treat elevated LDL cholesterol levels is

niacin

Choose the water-soluble vitamin that is a component of coenzyme A.

pantothenic acid

Microwaving, steaming, and stir-frying are all cooking methods that______.

preserve vitamin content of foods

What are some good food sources of folate?

-Leafy vegetables -Liver -Asparagus

What are some food sources of riboflavin?

-Milk -Yogurt -Spinach

Which of the following is true about coenzymes?

-Cofactor -Regulates a chemical reaction

What criteria must a nutrient meet to be classified as a vitamin?

-The nutrient occurs in commonly eaten foods. -Signs and symptoms of a health problem occur if the nutrient is missing from the diet. -The body cannot make it at all or in sufficient quantities to maintain good health.

The consumption of which foods has been associated with a decrease in the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration?

-Vegetables -Fruits

Biotin's roles in the body include _____.

-amino acid breakdown -fatty acid synthesis -glucose synthesis

Which of the following are considered basic roles of vitamins?

-involved in cell division and development -regulates body processes

When are vitamin supplements recommended?

-metabolic defects that increase vitamin requirements -specific vitamin deficiency diseases

Most people are familiar with the role of vitamin A in good vision. What are additional functions of vitamin A that are important as well?

-participates in the bone remodeling process -regulates the activity of the immune system

The body needs choline to _____.

-produce phospholipids in cell membranes. -as part of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. -synthesize a part of a phospholipid in the liver.

Choose the foods that are typically fortified with vitamin D.

-ready-to-eat cereals -milk -orange juice -margarine

It is unnecessary to consume 100% of all vitamins every day because _____.

-the body can synthesize some vitamins -bacteria in the intestinal tract can produce some vitamins -cells contain a supply of vitamins

Which of the following are risk factors for cancer?

-using tobacco -family history -aging

Which vitamin do cells require to make coenzymes that participate in a variety of cellular processes, including the transfer of CH3 groups in the metabolism of folate?

B-12

Usually water-soluble vitamins are not toxic as they do not accumulate in the body. There is one exception to this rule when high doses of what water-soluble vitamin can cause sensory nerve damage?

B-6

Inside the cell, Vitamin C functions primarily by _____.

Donating electrons to other compounds

Which of the food groups provide the highest levels of vitamin C in the body?

Fruits and vegetables

Milk, yogurt, liver, and enriched cereals are all good sources of which vitamin?

Riboflavin

______ is a water-soluble vitamin that is used to make a coenzyme that participates in chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates.

Thiamin

An increased risk of cancer is associated with obesity.

True

The synthetic folic acid is absorbed _____ the naturally occurring forms of folate.

better than