Chapter 8

51) To operationalize an experiment, all the ________ must be predetermined. A) steps in the experiment B) construct and concept definitions C) researcher assignments D) All of the above are correct. E) None of the above is correct.

B) construct and concept definitions

13) The use of a(n) ________ serves as a comparison to assess the existence and potency of the manipulation. A) experimental group B) control group C) criterion variable D) explanatory variable E) field experiment

B) control group

27) The question of whether the results of an experiment can be generalized to the population at large is addressed by the degree of ________ associated with the experiment. A) internal validity B) external validity C) reliability D) statistical significance E) substantive significance

B) external validity

4) All of the following are terms used to refer to an independent variable except ________. A) predictor B) explanatory C) criterion D) All of the above refer to an independent variable. E) None of the above refer to an independent variable.

C) criterion

35) Resentful demoralization refers to the threat to internal validity brought on when ________. A) people in the experimental group communicate the treatment with people in the control group B) researchers compensate the control group as a sort of consolation for not receiving a desirable treatment C) competition arises between the groups D) control group members resent being deprived of a desirable treatment E) an unusual event occurs when one group, but not both, is participating in the study

D) control group members resent being deprived of a desirable treatment

64) If your firm wants to test whether having preschool children in the household increases the percent of income saved, it would be evaluating a ________ asymmetrical causal relationship. A) stimulus-response B) property-disposition C) disposition-behavior D) property-behavior E) stimulus-property

D) property-behavior

16) The process of repeating an experiment with different participant groups and conditions to determine the average effect of the independent variable across people, situations, and times is known as ________. A) replication B) evaluation C) repetition D) norming E) multimodal

A) replication

61) If your firm wants to test whether an increase in interest of 0.25% increases the savings rate, it would be evaluating a ________ asymmetrical causal relationship. A) stimulus-response B) property-disposition C) disposition-behavior D) property-behavior E) stimulus-property

A) stimulus-response

38) Which of the following could threaten the external validity of an experiment? A) Diffusion of treatment B) Artificial setting C) History D) Maturation E) Regression toward the mean

B) Artificial setting

49) When the researcher does not know whether a participant in an experiment is being exposed to the treatment, the experiment is described as ________. A) controlled B) blind C) double blind D) concealed E) independent

C) double blind

58) The interactions between two sets of variables may reflect relationships that are ________. A) symmetrical B) reciprocal C) asymmetrical D) All of the above are correct.

D) All of the above are correct.

45) In a pretest-posttest control group design, O1 and O2 are pretest measures, and O3 and O4 are posttest measures of the dependent variable. To evaluate the effect of the treatment in a pretest, posttest control group design, ________ is calculated. A) (O2 − O1) − (O4 − O3) B) O1 − O3 C) O4 − O3 D) O2 − O3 E) O4 − O2

A) (O2 − O1) − (O4 − O3)

20) Which of the following is a threat to a researcher's ability to generalize the results of an experiment? A) Artificiality of a laboratory B) Use of a field setting C) Use of a probability sample D) Control of extraneous variables E) All of the above are correct.

A) Artificiality of a laboratory

3) Which variable in an experiment is the variable expected to be affected by the manipulation? A) Dependent variable B) Extraneous variable C) Moderating variable D) Independent variable E) Mediating variable

A) Dependent variable

28) Which threat to internal validity occurs when events that occur before or during the experiment affect the relationship being studied? A) History B) Maturation C) Testing D) Instrumentation E) Mortality

A) History

76) We want to evaluate dog owners' reactions to a new dog food product formulation that contains more vegetables. An experiment is conducted where five stores are chosen in each of two regions (A and B) with similar sales for the original formulation. In region A, the shelves are stocked with both formulations. In region B, the stores are stocked with only the original formulation. The package of the new formula is exactly the same as the original formula except for three modifications: the color is changed (from blue to green), the content label is changed, and a yellow banner with black letters "More vegetables!" diagonally crosses the upper left corner of the bag. For a six-month period before and after the new product formula introduction, sales of the original version are recorded in all ten stores; for the six months after the new product formulation, sales of the more-vegetable formula in the five stores are recorded. For the dog food test market experiment, rather than selecting two regions (A and B) with similar sales levels, assume that you instead chose five stores in region C (a high-sales region) to compare to five stores in region D (a low-sales region). Which of the following factors might affect the study's internal validity? A) Regression toward the mean B) Maturation C) Experimental mortality D) Instrumentation E) Selection

A) Regression toward the mean

39) Which of the following is an example of an after-only case study experimental design? A) Store traffic is measured following the announcement of a clearance sale. B) Store traffic is measured; a sale is announced; store traffic is measured again. C) People who saw an ad are compared to people who did not see the ad on their attitude toward the brand. D) Random assignment is used to divide participants into the control and experimental groups; a control group responds to a pretest on brand preferences and a posttest; an experimental group responds to a pretest, is exposed to a commercial for the brand, and responds to a posttest. E) Random assignment is used to divide participants into control and experimental groups; the experimental group is exposed to a commercial and then their attitude toward the brand is measured; their attitude toward the brand is also measured for the control group.

A) Store traffic is measured following the announcement of a clearance sale.

60) The major relationships of interest to the research analyst are those that are ________. A) asymmetrical B) exclusive C) independent D) reciprocal E) symmetrical

A) asymmetrical

24) When participants do not know if they are being exposed to the experimental treatment, they are said to be ________. A) blind B) deceived C) concealed D) controlled E) debriefed

A) blind

7) In the study of bystanders and thieves presented in the text, participants are invited to a store where they see someone steal the purse of another customer. The accosted shopper and the thief are really acting their parts to set the stage for the experiment. Participants view the robbery alone or with another participant. The study sought to determine whether participants were more likely to report a robbery when they observe it alone or in the company of another person. The actors playing the role of the accosted shopper and thief in the bystanders and thieves study are known as ________. A) confederates B) assistants C) criterions D) affiliates E) accomplices

A) confederates

26) The question of whether conclusions about a demonstrated experimental relationship truly imply causality is addressed by the degree of ________ associated with the experiment. A) internal validity B) external validity C) reliability D) statistical significance E) substantive significance

A) internal validity

72) We want to evaluate dog owners' reactions to a new dog food product formulation that contains more vegetables. An experiment is conducted where five stores are chosen in each of two regions (A and B) with similar sales for the original formulation. In region A, the shelves are stocked with both formulations. In region B, the stores are stocked with only the original formulation. The package of the new formula is exactly the same as the original formula except for three modifications: the color is changed (from blue to green), the content label is changed, and a yellow banner with black letters "More vegetables!" diagonally crosses the upper left corner of the bag. For a six-month period before and after the new product formula introduction, sales of the original version are recorded in all ten stores; for the six months after the new product formulation, sales of the more-vegetable formula in the five stores are recorded. In the dog food test market, the more-vegetable formula ________. A) is the independent variable B) is the dependent variable C) is an extraneous variable D) is a treatment E) is a treatment level

A) is the independent variable

57) The basic method by which we determine equivalence between study and control groups in an ex post facto study is by ________. A) matching B) definition C) induction D) random assignment

A) matching

32) Diffusion of treatment refers to the threat to internal validity brought on when ________. A) people in the experimental group communicate the treatment with people in the control group B) researchers compensate the control group as a sort of consolation for not receiving a desirable treatment C) competition arises between the groups D) control group members resent being deprived of a desirable treatment E) an unusual event occurs when one group, but not both, is participating in the study

A) people in the experimental group communicate the treatment with people in the control group

79) We want to evaluate dog owners' reactions to a new dog food product formulation that contains more vegetables. A promotional booth is set up at 10 dog events around the country. We distribute a one-day sample of the new more-vegetable formula to dog owners who come by the booth. If dog owners also provide their e-mail, they will be emailed a 20% off coupon for their first purchase. We measure the effectiveness of the more-vegetable formula by the number of coupons that are used to make purchases in stores. This is an example of an experiment designed to assess a ________ asymmetrical causal relationship. A) stimulus-response B) property-disposition C) disposition-behavior D) property-behavior E) stimulus-property

A) stimulus-response

47) True experimental designs differ from preexperimental designs in that ________. A) true experimental designs use random assignment B) preexperimental designs include the use of a control group C) preexperimental designs include the use of pretests D) true experimental designs include multiple treatment groups E) preexperimental designs have fewer threats to internal validity

A) true experimental designs use random assignment

8) In the study of bystanders and thieves presented in the text, participants are invited to a store where they see someone steal the purse of another customer. The accosted shopper and the thief are really acting their parts to set the stage for the experiment. Participants view the robbery alone or with another participant. The study sought to determine whether participants were more likely to report a robbery when they observe it alone or in the company of another person. What type of research design is used in the bystanders and thieves study? A) Descriptive B) Causal C) Exploratory D) Monitoring E) Communication

B) Causal

1) Which term below refers to a study involving the manipulation of one or more variables to determine the effect on another variable? A) Ex post facto B) Experiment C) Monitoring study D) Communication study E) Descriptive study

B) Experiment

37) ________ is concerned with the interaction of the experimental treatment with other factors and the resulting impact on the ability to generalize results to other times, settings, or persons. A) Reliability B) External validity C) Internal validity D) Statistical significance E) Substantive significance

B) External validity

46) In a pretest-posttest control group design, O1 and O2 are pretest measures, and O3 and O4 are posttest measures of the dependent variable. To assess the equivalence of the groups in a pretest, posttest control group design, ________ is calculated. A) (O2 − O1) − (O4 − O3) B) O1 − O3 C) O4 − O3 D) O2 − O3 E) O4 − O2

B) O1 − O3

48) What characteristic distinguishes the pretest-posttest control group design from the nonequivalent control group design? A) Membership in the experimental and control groups is naturally assembled in the pretest-posttest control group design. B) Random assignment is not possible in the nonequivalent control group design. C) No pretest is used in the nonequivalent control group design. D) One cannot determine which group was exposed to the treatment in the nonequivalent control group design. E) No posttest is used in the nonequivalent control group design.

B) Random assignment is not possible in the nonequivalent control group design.

81) Which experimental design requires a control group and takes only a posttest measure of both groups? A) After-only design B) Static group comparison design C) Nonequivalent control group design D) Group time series design E) None of the above is correct.

B) Static group comparison design

40) Which of the following is an example of a one-group pretest-posttest experimental design? A) Store traffic is measured following the announcement of a clearance sale. B) Store traffic is measured; a sale is announced; store traffic is measured again. C) People who saw an ad are compared to people who did not see the ad on their attitude toward the brand. D) Random assignment is used to divide participants into the control and experimental groups; a control group responds to a pretest on brand preferences and a posttest; an experimental group responds to a pretest, is exposed to a commercial for the brand, and responds to a posttest. E) Random assignment is used to divide participants into control and experimental groups; the experimental group is exposed to a commercial and then their attitude toward the brand is measured; their attitude toward the brand is also measured for the control group.

B) Store traffic is measured; a sale is announced; store traffic is measured again.

84) The foremost advantage of the experiment in business research is ________. A) The pretest-posttest control group design B) The ability to convincingly link one variable to another. C) The ability to prove causation between variables with certainty D) The ability to eliminate contamination from extraneous variables. E) None of the above is correct.

B) The ability to convincingly link one variable to another.

78) We want to evaluate dog owners' reactions to a new dog food product formulation that contains more vegetables. A promotional booth is set up at 10 dog events around the country. We distribute a one-day sample of the new more-vegetable formula to dog owners who come by the booth. If dog owners also provide their e-mail, they will be emailed a 20% off coupon for their first purchase. We measure the effectiveness of the more-vegetable formula by the number of coupons that are used to make purchases in stores. This is an example of ________. A) static group comparison design B) after-only design C) posttest-only control group design D) random assignment E) pilot testing

B) after-only design

70) We want to evaluate dog owners' reactions to a new dog food product formulation that contains more vegetables. An experiment is conducted where five stores are chosen in each of two regions (A and B) with similar sales for the original formulation. In region A, the shelves are stocked with both formulations. In region B, the stores are stocked with only the original formulation. The package of the new formula is exactly the same as the original formula except for three modifications: the color is changed (from blue to green), the content label is changed, and a yellow banner with black letters "More vegetables!" diagonally crosses the upper left corner of the bag. For a six-month period before and after the new product formula introduction, sales of the original version are recorded in all ten stores; for the six months after the new product formulation, sales of the more-vegetable formula in the five stores are recorded. In the dog food test market, the experimental design ________. A) is a group time series design B) is a nonequivalent control group design C) measures a property-disposition relationship D) uses a quota matrix E) involves random assignment

B) is a nonequivalent control group design

25) When it is not possible to randomly assign participants to groups, ________ should be used. A) control groups B) matching C) replication D) purposive assignment E) pilot testing

B) matching

68) We want to evaluate dog owners' reactions to a new dog food product formulation that contains more vegetables. We bring dogs into a lab setting—a kennel-like structure where the dogs are in a no-light setting. The bowl of a small amount of food slides through a small slot door into the dog's holding area. Each dog receives two bowls 4 hours apart, one with the greater vegetable content and one with the original content, where the order is randomized. Speed to first bite is measured as well as the time to consume the full food amount. The dogs are removed from the holding area for exercise and play between bowls. The sample contains 12 different breeds and sizes of dogs. In this dog food experiment, the researcher is concerned that the dog might not be as hungry for the second bowl as for the first and that the time-to-first-bite measurement might be slower as a result. The researcher is concerned about ________. A) history B) maturation C) testing D) instrumentation E) selection

B) maturation

56) The research experiment is superior to the ex post facto research design when the researcher ________. A) must avoid influencing the variables under study and therefore avoid biasing the results B) needs to cause variables to be changed or held constant in keeping with specified research objectives C) is limited to hold all factors constant by selection of participants according to strict sampling procedures and statistical manipulation of findings D) decides to use the design more common to research in the social sciences and business

B) needs to cause variables to be changed or held constant in keeping with specified research objectives

62) If your firm wants to test whether a person's state of residence affected their interest in saving, it would be evaluating a ________ asymmetrical causal relationship. A) stimulus-response B) property-disposition C) disposition-behavior D) property-behavior E) stimulus-property

B) property-disposition

33) Compensatory equalization refers to the threat to internal validity brought on when ________. A) people in the experimental group communicate the treatment with people in the control group B) researchers compensate the control group as a sort of consolation for not receiving a desirable treatment C) competition arises between the groups D) control group members resent being deprived of a desirable treatment E) an unusual event occurs when one group, but not both, is participating in the study

B) researchers compensate the control group as a sort of consolation for not receiving a desirable treatment

17) The use of a control group in experimentation ________. A) provides for the manipulation of the independent variable B) serves as a comparison to assess the manipulation C) minimizes the cost of experimentation D) allows for discovery of the average effect of the independent variable in different situations E) increases generalizability of results

B) serves as a comparison to assess the manipulation

52) One tool for visualizing the matching process of participants in an experiment is ________. A) CPM B) the quota matrix C) random sampling D) experimental design symbols E) None of the above is correct.

B) the quota matrix

53) One restaurant was experimenting with lowering the cholesterol level of recipes by substituting different cooking oils/fats in their dishes. They chose olive oil, canola oil, and margarine. Different patrons received the recipe prepared with one of the three oils/fats and then were asked for their evaluation of texture, flavor, and overall satisfaction, intention to repurchase the entree. The experiment involved three ________. A) dependent variables B) treatment levels C) moderating variables D) control groups E) None of the above is correct.

B) treatment levels

74) We want to evaluate dog owners' reactions to a new dog food product formulation that contains more vegetables. An experiment is conducted where five stores are chosen in each of two regions (A and B) with similar sales for the original formulation. In region A, the shelves are stocked with both formulations. In region B, the stores are stocked with only the original formulation. The package of the new formula is exactly the same as the original formula except for three modifications: the color is changed (from blue to green), the content label is changed, and a yellow banner with black letters "More vegetables!" diagonally crosses the upper left corner of the bag. For a six-month period before and after the new product formula introduction, sales of the original version are recorded in all ten stores; for the six months after the new product formulation, sales of the more-vegetable formula in the five stores are recorded. In the dog food test market, the decision to compare region A with region B's sales describes which task of conducting an experiment? A) Select relevant variables B) Specify treatment levels C) Choose an experimental design D) Select and assign cases E) Pilot test, revise, and pretest

C) Choose an experimental design

15) Which source of evidence to support experimental results is most threatened by the use of a field experiment? A) Agreement between the independent and dependent variables B) Time order of the occurrence of the variables C) Control of contamination from extraneous variables D) Use of a control group E) Manipulation of the independent variable

C) Control of contamination from extraneous variables

10) The district attorney's office wants further evidence of the results found in the bystanders and thieves study. It decides to conduct a study using data from reported thefts over the past five-year period. Police records indicate whether bystanders who report a crime are alone when the crime is observed or are accompanied by one or more people. The district attorney's office will assess whether more theft reports indicate that the witness was alone or with other people. Which type of study is being conducted by the district attorney's office? A) Survey B) Experiment C) Ex post facto D) Interview E) Observation

C) Ex post facto

12) Which research design listed below is most appropriate for establishing causality? A) Focus group B) Individual depth interview C) Experiment D) Survey E) Behavioral observation

C) Experiment

11) The district attorney's office wants further evidence of the results found in the bystanders and thieves study. It decides to conduct a study using data from reported thefts over the past five-year period. Police records indicate whether bystanders who report a crime are alone when the crime is observed or are accompanied by one or more people. The district attorney's office will assess whether more theft reports indicate that the witness was alone or with other people. Which of the following statements best represents the hypothesis in the district attorney's study? A) People exposed to a robbery will judge the seriousness of the situation according to the response of the victim. B) Bystanders will perceive a robbery as less frightening when in the company of another person. C) More robberies are reported by bystanders who view the theft alone than by bystanders who view the theft in the company of others. D) Reports of a robbery are more likely among victims of a robbery when a witness is present. E) Bystanders to a theft will be less likely to shop at the store in which the theft occurred.

C) More robberies are reported by bystanders who view the theft alone than by bystanders who view the theft in the company of others.

30) Which threat to internal validity is largely overcome by using random assignment of participants to experimental and control groups? A) History B) Maturation C) Selection D) Instrumentation E) Mortality

C) Selection

5) In the study of bystanders and thieves presented in the text, participants are invited to a store where they see someone steal the purse of another customer. The accosted shopper and the thief are really acting their parts to set the stage for the experiment. Participants view the robbery alone or with another participant. The study sought to determine whether participants were more likely to report a robbery when they observe it alone or in the company of another person. In the bystanders and thieves study, what is the independent variable? A) The store environment B) Exposure to a robbery C) State of being alone or with another person D) Act of reporting the robbery or not E) Reaction of the accosted shopper following the robbery

C) State of being alone or with another person

34) Compensatory rivalry refers to the threat to internal validity brought on when ________. A) people in the experimental group communicate the treatment with people in the control group B) researchers compensate the control group as a sort of consolation for not receiving a desirable treatment C) competition arises between the groups D) control group members resent being deprived of a desirable treatment E) an unusual event occurs when one group, but not both, is participating in the study

C) competition arises between the groups

66) We want to evaluate dog owners' reactions to a new dog food product formulation that contains more vegetables. We bring dogs into a lab setting—a kennel-like structure where the dogs are in a no-light setting. The bowl of a small amount of food slides through a small slot door into the dog's holding area. Each dog receives two bowls 4 hours apart, one with the greater vegetable content and one with the original content, where the order is randomized. Speed to first bite is measured as well as the time to consume the full food amount. The dogs are removed from the holding area for exercise and play between bowls. The sample contains 12 different breeds and sizes of dogs. In this dog food experiment, the researcher is concerned that the shape of the food or its color might influence the dog's receptivity to the food. In this example, eliminating light is a(n) ________. A) treatment B) treatment level C) control D) independent variable E) dependent variable

C) control

67) We want to evaluate dog owners' reactions to a new dog food product formulation that contains more vegetables. We bring dogs into a lab setting—a kennel-like structure where the dogs are in a no-light setting. The bowl of a small amount of food slides through a small slot door into the dog's holding area. Each dog receives two bowls 4 hours apart, one with the greater vegetable content and one with the original content, where the order is randomized. Speed to first bite is measured as well as the time to consume the full food amount. The dogs are removed from the holding area for exercise and play between bowls. The sample contains 12 different breeds and sizes of dogs. In this dog food experiment, the researcher is concerned that the shape of the food or its color might influence the dog's receptivity to the food. In this example, using a lab setting is a(n) ________. A) treatment B) treatment level C) control D) independent variable E) dependent variable

C) control

69) We want to evaluate dog owners' reactions to a new dog food product formulation that contains more vegetables. We bring dogs into a lab setting—a kennel-like structure where the dogs are in a no-light setting. The bowl of a small amount of food slides through a small slot door into the dog's holding area. Each dog receives two bowls 4 hours apart, one with the greater vegetable content and one with the original content, where the order is randomized. Speed to first bite is measured as well as the time to consume the full food amount. The dogs are removed from the holding area for exercise and play between bowls. The sample contains 12 different breeds and sizes of dogs. Time-to-first-bite, an indicant of the aroma appeal of the formula to the dog, is the ________. A) independent variable B) control variable C) dependent variable D) regression toward the mean E) causation

C) dependent variable

63) If your firm wants to test whether a belief in quality of life over length of life affected investment in stocks, it would be evaluating a ________ asymmetrical causal relationship. A) stimulus-response B) property-disposition C) disposition-behavior D) property-behavior E) stimulus-property

C) disposition-behavior

42) The greatest weakness to the pretest-posttest control group design is ________. A) reliability B) causality C) external validity D) internal validity E) espionage

C) external validity

14) When an experiment is conducted in actual environmental conditions, it is called a(n) ________ experiment. A) replication B) simulated C) field D) extraneous E) test market

C) field

21) A tentative descriptive statement of the relationship between the variables is called a(n) ________. A) research question B) postulation C) hypothesis D) educated guess E) theory

C) hypothesis

59) "The introduction of a four-day week leads to increased productivity particularly among young workers by improving job satisfaction." In this statement, improving job satisfaction is the ________. A) independent variable B) dependent variable C) intervening variable D) moderating variable

C) intervening variable

71) We want to evaluate dog owners' reactions to a new dog food product formulation that contains more vegetables. An experiment is conducted where five stores are chosen in each of two regions (A and B) with similar sales for the original formulation. In region A, the shelves are stocked with both formulations. In region B, the stores are stocked with only the original formulation. The package of the new formula is exactly the same as the original formula except for three modifications: the color is changed (from blue to green), the content label is changed, and a yellow banner with black letters "More vegetables!" diagonally crosses the upper left corner of the bag. For a six-month period before and after the new product formula introduction, sales of the original version are recorded in all ten stores; for the six months after the new product formulation, sales of the more-vegetable formula in the five stores are recorded. In the dog food test market, the packaging ________. A) is the independent variable B) is the dependent variable C) is a moderating variable D) is a treatment E) is a treatment level

C) is a moderating variable

6) In the study of bystanders and thieves presented in the text, participants are invited to a store where they see someone steal the purse of another customer. The accosted shopper and the thief are really acting their parts to set the stage for the experiment. Participants view the robbery alone or with another participant. The study sought to determine whether participants were more likely to report a robbery when they observe it alone or in the company of another person. What is the dependent variable in the bystanders and thieves study? A) The store environment B) Exposure to a robbery C) State of being alone or with another person D) Act of reporting the robbery or not E) Reaction of the accosted shopper following the robbery

D) Act of reporting the robbery or not

50) Environmental control in an experiment is necessary when ________ might influence the participants' reactions. A) variation in instructions B) physical conditions of the room C) anticipation of the treatment D) All of the above are correct. E) None of the above is correct.

D) All of the above are correct.

9) In the study of bystanders and thieves presented in the text, participants are invited to a store where they see someone steal the purse of another customer. The accosted shopper and the thief are really acting their parts to set the stage for the experiment. Participants view the robbery alone or with another participant. The study sought to determine whether participants were more likely to report a robbery when they observe it alone or in the company of another person. Which of the following statements best represents the hypothesis in the bystanders and thieves study? A) People exposed to a robbery will judge the seriousness of the situation according to the response of the victim. B) Bystanders will perceive a robbery as less frightening when in the company of another person. C) Reports of a robbery are more likely among victims of a robbery when a witness is present. D) Bystanders are more likely to report a theft if they view the theft alone than in another person's company. E) Bystanders to a theft will be less likely to shop at the store in which the theft occurred.

D) Bystanders are more likely to report a theft if they view the theft alone than in another person's company.

55) Which of the following is not a type of evidence used to test causal hypotheses? A) Covariation between variables A and B B) Time order of events C) Alternative causes D) Disposition of variable B E) All of the above can be used to test causal hypotheses.

D) Disposition of variable B

83) Which of the following experimental designs can be effectively deployed using company records to locate the dates of an unexpected event? A) Pretest-posttest control group design B) Static group comparison design C) Nonequivalent control group design D) Group time series design E) None of the above is correct.

D) Group time series design

2) Which variable in an experiment is manipulated by the researcher? A) Dependent variable B) Extraneous variable C) Moderating variable D) Independent variable E) Mediating variable

D) Independent variable

29) Which threat to internal validity results from changes between observations in either the measuring instrument or the observer? A) History B) Maturation C) Testing D) Instrumentation E) Mortality

D) Instrumentation

22) Which term refers to the process of transforming concepts and constructs into measurable variables suitable for testing? A) Generalization B) Control C) Hypothetical D) Operationalization E) Transformation

D) Operationalization

43) Which of the following is an example of a pretest-posttest control group experimental design? A) Store traffic is measured following the announcement of a clearance sale. B) Store traffic is measured; a sale is announced; store traffic is measured again. C) People who saw an ad are compared to people who did not see the ad on their attitude toward the brand. D) Random assignment is used to divide participants into the control and experimental groups; a control group responds to a pretest on brand preferences and a posttest; an experimental group responds to a pretest, is exposed to a commercial for the brand, and responds to a posttest. E) Random assignment is used to divide participants into control and experimental groups; the experimental group is exposed to a commercial and then their attitude toward the brand is measured; their attitude toward the brand is also measured for the control group

D) Random assignment is used to divide participants into the control and experimental groups; a control group responds to a pretest on brand preferences and a posttest; an experimental group responds to a pretest, is exposed to a commercial for the brand, and responds to a posttest.

73) We want to evaluate dog owners' reactions to a new dog food product formulation that contains more vegetables. An experiment is conducted where five stores are chosen in each of two regions (A and B) with similar sales for the original formulation. In region A, the shelves are stocked with both formulations. In region B, the stores are stocked with only the original formulation. The package of the new formula is exactly the same as the original formula except for three modifications: the color is changed (from blue to green), the content label is changed, and a yellow banner with black letters "More vegetables!" diagonally crosses the upper left corner of the bag. For a six-month period before and after the new product formula introduction, sales of the original version are recorded in all ten stores; for the six months after the new product formulation, sales of the more-vegetable formula in the five stores are recorded. In the dog food test market, the decision to use two regions from which to draw the 10 stores involved in the test describes which task of conducting an experiment? A) Select relevant variables B) Specify treatment levels C) Choose experimental design D) Select and assign cases E) Pilot test, revise, and pretest

D) Select and assign cases

82) Which experimental design calculates the difference of a pretest measure of a control group and a posttest measure of an experimental group? A) Pretest-posttest control group design B) Static group comparison design C) Nonequivalent control group design D) Separate sample pretest-posttest design E) None of the above is correct.

D) Separate sample pretest-posttest design

18) The use of a replication in experimentation ________. A) provides for the manipulation of the independent variable B) serves as a comparison to assess the manipulation C) minimizes the cost of experimentation D) allows for discovery of the average effect of the independent variable in different situations E) increases the generalizability of the results

D) allows for discovery of the average effect of the independent variable in different situations

77) We want to evaluate dog owners' reactions to a new dog food product formulation that contains more vegetables. An experiment is conducted where five stores are chosen in each of two regions (A and B) with similar sales for the original formulation. In region A, the shelves are stocked with both formulations. In region B, the stores are stocked with only the original formulation. The package of the new formula is exactly the same as the original formula except for three modifications: the color is changed (from blue to green), the content label is changed, and a yellow banner with black letters "More vegetables!" diagonally crosses the upper left corner of the bag. For a six-month period before and after the new product formula introduction, sales of the original version are recorded in all ten stores; for the six months after the new product formulation, sales of the more-vegetable formula in the five stores are recorded. For the dog food test market experiment, rather than choosing stores that had similar sales levels, assume that you compiled a list of all the stores, alphabetized the list by their street name, and chose stores from that list using a probability sampling procedure. This would be an example of ________. A) treatment levels B) quota matrix C) matching D) random assignment E) pilot testing

D) random assignment

54) When two variables vary together but changes in the variables are not due to changes in the other, a(n) ________ relationship is said to exist. A) reciprocal B) asymmetrical C) causal D) symmetrical E) spurious

D) symmetrical

65) We want to evaluate dog owners' reactions to a new dog food product formulation that contains more vegetables. We bring dogs into a lab setting—a kennel-like structure where the dogs are in a no-light setting. The bowl of a small amount of food slides through a small slot door into the dog's holding area. Each dog receives two bowls 4 hours apart, one with the greater vegetable content and one with the original content, where the order is randomized. Speed to first bite is measured as well as the time to consume the full food amount. The dogs are removed from the holding area for exercise and play between bowls. The sample contains 12 different breeds and sizes of dogs. In this dog food experiment, causation explains ________. A) why the dogs are isolated B) why we are controlling the dogs' ability to see the food C) why we are measuring how quickly they are drawn to eat the food D) why we are manipulating the formula E) All of the above are correct.

E) All of the above are correct.

80) Which of the following is not true about the three dog food reformulation experimental designs: (1) based on dog responses, (2) based on sales in stores, and (3) based on stopping for a sample at a dog event and later using a coupon in a store. A) Design 1 will reveal the dog's reaction, but this may not translate to product sales in stores. B) Design 2 will reveal that the dog owner has a positive disposition about feeding their dog vegetables that translates to initial sales, but that may not translate to repeat sales if the dog does not eat the food. C) Design 3 will reveal that the dog reacted favorably to the formula and the dog-owner has a positive disposition about feeding their dog vegetables if the coupon is used to make a purchase in the store, but that may not translate into repeat sales due to a higher subsequent price. D) Design 2 uses matching. E) Design 1 and 3 are field experiments.

E) Design 1 and 3 are field experiments.

41) Which experimental design provides the best defense against the threats to internal validity? A) After-only case study B) Static group comparison C) One-group pretest-posttest D) Nonequivalent control group E) Pretest-posttest control group

E) Pretest-posttest control group

44) Which of the following is an example of a post-test only control group experimental design? A) Store traffic is measured following the announcement of a clearance sale. B) Store traffic is measured; a sale is announced; store traffic is measured again. C) People who saw an ad are compared to people who did not see the ad on their attitude toward the brand. D) Random assignment is used to divide participants into the control and experimental groups; a control group responds to a pretest on brand preferences and a posttest; an experimental group responds to a pretest, is exposed to a commercial for the brand, and responds to a posttest. E) Random assignment is used to divide participants into control and experimental groups; the experimental group is exposed to a commercial and then their attitude toward the brand is measured; their attitude toward the brand is also measured for the control group.

E) Random assignment is used to divide participants into control and experimental groups; the experimental group is exposed to a commercial and then their attitude toward the brand is measured; their attitude toward the brand is also measured for the control group.

23) What is the first step in conducting an experiment? A) Specify the level(s) of the treatment. B) Choose the experimental design. C) Control the experimental environment. D) Select and assign participants. E) Select the relevant variables.

E) Select the relevant variables.

36) Local history refers to the threat to internal validity brought on when ________. A) people in the experimental group communicate the treatment with people in the control group B) researchers compensate the control group as a sort of consolation for not receiving a desirable treatment C) competition arises between the groups D) control group members resent being deprived of a desirable treatment E) an unusual event occurs when one group, but not both, is participating in the study

E) an unusual event occurs when one group, but not both, is participating in the study

19) The use of a field setting in experimentation ________. A) provides for the manipulation of the independent variable B) serves as a comparison to assess the manipulation C) minimizes the cost of experimentation D) allows for discovery of the average effect of the independent variable in different situations E) increases the generalizability of the results

E) increases the generalizability of the results

31) If the levels of attrition are high among study participants, ________ will threaten the internal validity of the study. A) history B) maturation C) testing D) instrumentation E) mortality

E) mortality

75) We want to evaluate dog owners' reactions to a new dog food product formulation that contains more vegetables. An experiment is conducted where five stores are chosen in each of two regions (A and B) with similar sales for the original formulation. In region A, the shelves are stocked with both formulations. In region B, the stores are stocked with only the original formulation. The package of the new formula is exactly the same as the original formula except for three modifications: the color is changed (from blue to green), the content label is changed, and a yellow banner with black letters "More vegetables!" diagonally crosses the upper left corner of the bag. For a six-month period before and after the new product formula introduction, sales of the original version are recorded in all ten stores; for the six months after the new product formulation, sales of the more-vegetable formula in the five stores are recorded. It would have been appropriate for this dog food test market design to have used a quota matrix in selecting participating stores.

FALSE