Chapter 8

How could one accurately describe handedness? a. it is a human quality b. it is influenced somewhat by genetics c. it is identical in identical twins d. it is the preference of the individual

b. it is influenced somewhat by genetics

How can bed-wetting be described? a. it occurs in North American children only b. it is more common among boys than girls c. it disappears by approximately age six d. it is linked to late attempts to toilet train the child

b. it is more common among boys than girls

Natalie is 2 years old. How many doses of DTaP vaccine does she require? a. one b. two c. four d. five

c. four

Which of the following is a chronic illness from which a child can suffer? a. arthritis b. multiple sclerosis c. tuberculosis d. muscular dystrophy

a. arthritis

Why might identical twins not have the same handedness? a. because some twins are "mirror opposites" b. because the majority of identical twins are right-handed c. because there is no genetic component to handedness d. because the majority of identical twins are left-handed

a. because some twins are "mirror opposites"

How many minor illnesses will the typical two-year-old experience in a year? a. eight or nine b. six or seven c. four or five d. two or three

a. eight or nine

. An inability to control the bowels is referred to as which of the following? a. encopresis b. urinesis c. enuresis d. ontothesis

a. encopresis

How do genetics influence handedness? a. handedness of the child is influenced by the handedness of the parents b. handedness is entirely environmentally driven c. 100 percent of people are born to be right-handed d. 50 percent of people are born to become right- or left-handed

a. handedness of the child is influenced by the handedness of the parents

Sleepwalking is related to which of the following? a. immaturity of the nervous system b. trouble controlling impulses c. general misbehaviour d. gender, as girls sleepwalk significantly more than boys

a. immaturity of the nervous system

What technique has been used to combat deaths caused by tuberculosis? a. immunizations b. oral rehydration c. blood transfusions d. vaccines

a. immunizations

Which of the following is true of brain plasticity? a. it is possible because of sprouting b. it is possible because of redevelopment c. if one site is damaged, the other side cannot compensate d. compensation for damage improves as a person ages

a. it is possible because of sprouting

How does growth during the preschool years compare with physical development in infancy? a. it is significantly slower b. it is even faster c. growth patterns are inconsistent d. it is more dependent upon nutrition

a. it is significantly slower

At which of the following tasks is a "right-brained" individual more adept? a. recognition of faces b. language skills c. mathematical computation d. logical analysis

a. recognition of faces

How can a two-year-old's nutritional needs be described? a. she or he may have a decreased appetite in comparison with a one-year-old b. she or he needs about 2300 calories per day c. she or he needs about 1800 calories per day d. she or he typically has an increased appetite for salty foods

a. she or he may have a decreased appetite in comparison with a one-year-old

Which of the following might increase the occurrence of nightmares? a. situational stress b. a medical condition c. gender, as boys experience nightmares more than girls d. irregular brain wave patterns

a. situational stress

How do genetics impact motor skills? a. some children are predisposed toward better coordination b. boys and girls are programmed differently when it comes to motor skills c. girls are likely to have stronger gross motor skills d. boys have a better sense of balance

a. some children are predisposed toward better coordination

Which of the following describes young children who are physically active? a. they are likely to have physically active parents b. they are likely to commit crimes when they get older c. they are less likely to get into trouble because they burn off their energy d. they are more likely to slow down and become obese as older children

a. they are likely to have physically active parents

Which of the following describes rough-and-tumble play? a. it is simply an expression of aggression b. it is important to the physical and social development of children c. it increases as children get older d. it is specific to North American culture

b. it is important to the physical and social development of children

What has research proven regarding accidental injuries? a. they are the leading cause of death in Canadian children b. they have declined significantly in Canada over the past decade c. they are the second leading cause of death in Canadian children d. they occur more often among children from higher economic status families

a. they are the leading cause of death in Canadian children

How can childhood illnesses correctly be described? a. they decrease in occurrence as children get older b. they can be life-threatening c. they vary in frequency by racial and ethnic background d. they require vaccination for each illness

a. they decrease in occurrence as children get older

Why are poor children significantly more likely to die from accidents? a. they live in dangerous and disorganized housing conditions b. they are more likely to have parents who don't care c. they are more likely to live in single-parent homes d. because there are usually more children in poorer families

a. they live in dangerous and disorganized housing conditions

Which of the following is true of transitional objects for children such as stuffed animals and other favourite toys? a. they may assist children in gaining greater independence from their parents b. they may prompt night terrors c. they make it more difficult for children to gain independence d. they should not be allowed in the child's sleeping environment

a. they may assist children in gaining greater independence from their parents

Around the world, what is the major cause of diarrhea diseases? a. unsafe drinking water b. lack of water purification systems c. lack of immunization against the disease d. poor water sources

a. unsafe drinking water

Are there sex differences in motor activity? a. yes; boys are more likely than girls to engage in rough-and-tumble play b. no; boys and girls are equally active during childhood c. yes; girls are more fidgety and distractible in comparison with boys d. no, but girls become more active as they develop

a. yes; boys are more likely than girls to engage in rough-and-tumble play

Roughly what percentage of the general population is left-handed? a. 5 percent b. 10 percent c. 15 percent d. 20 percent

b. 10 percent

. By what age do children begin drawing basic shapes? a. 18 months b. 3 years c. 2 years d. 1 year

b. 3 years

Which of the following causes of childhood death is a concern in Canada? a. diphtheria b. accidents c. measles d. tuberculosis

b. accidents

How early can handedness emerge? a. not until late childhood b. as early as two to three months of age c. by age two to three years d. it varies greatly based upon gender

b. as early as two to three months of age

The most common cause of accidental injury is which of the following? a. drowning b. automobile accidents c. falls d. cuts and abrasions

b. automobile accidents

When is brain plasticity at its peak? a. not until adolescence b. between the ages of one and two c. it varies greatly from individual to individual d. it varies greatly between females and males

b. between the ages of one and two

What is meant by "brain specialization"? a. brain parts are flexible and can complete a variety of tasks b. certain brain areas have very specific functions c. the brain can sometimes compensate for injuries d. certain brain areas remain dormant until they are needed

b. certain brain areas have very specific functions

What is the role of the corpus callosum? a. connects the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum b. connects the two hemispheres of the brain c. allows the frontal lobe and the medulla to communicate d. allows the cerebrum to interact with the limbic system

b. connects the two hemispheres of the brain

What is the best way to get a child to eat a disliked food? a. bribe the child with dessert b. encourage the child to sample small bits multiple times over a few weeks c. force the child to eat it because it won't hurt them d. mix the disliked food into other, preferred foods

b. encourage the child to sample small bits multiple times over a few weeks

Which of the following methods have been found to be helpful in dealing with bed-wetting? a. use medications as soon as the problem is discovered b. have the child help clean up the bedding c. have the child consume more fibre d. use an alarm to wake the child up at night

b. have the child help clean up the bedding

Increase in brain weight during the preschool years is primarily due to which of the following? a. the thickening of the skull b. increasing myelination c. increases in the size of the cerebellum d. increases in the size of the muscles that support the skull

b. increasing myelination

What has been learned about left-handedness? a. it causes people to be clumsier than right-handed people b. it appears to have both positive and negative academic implications c. it causes deficits that can be overcome by forcing people to use their right hand d. there appears to be a relationship between prenatal estrogen and handedness

b. it appears to have both positive and negative academic implications

Which of the following is accurate regarding harsh punishment in response to encopresis? a. it usually will stop the problem within a few weeks b. it generally can make the problem worse c. it appears to work for girls but not for boys d. it teaches self-control, and that is what is needed

b. it generally can make the problem worse

What is the impact of diarrhea on children? a. it is the most common childhood illness in Canada b. it is one of the leading killers of children in developing countries c. it is not a life-threatening illness d. it is more common as children get older

b. it is one of the leading killers of children in developing countries

Which of the following conclusions can be made in terms of handedness? a. there are only disadvantages to being left-handed, not to being right-handed b. left-handed children are not necessarily clumsier than right-handed children c. percentage-wise, right-handed individuals are significantly more likely to develop schizophrenia d. left-handed individuals have been shown to be less intelligent

b. left-handed children are not necessarily clumsier than right-handed children

Around the world, which of following is one of the leading causes of death among children? a. mumps b. malnutrition c. influenza d. tuberculosis

b. malnutrition

Two-year-old Samantha is drawing a picture. It consists of scribbles that she has carefully drawn along the border of the paper. Which stage of drawing is Samantha in? a. scribbles b. placement c. shape d. design

b. placement

The fact that fine motor skill development lags behind that of gross motor skills represents which of the following? a. differentiation in development b. proximodistal development c. cephalocaudal development d. reaction range in development

b. proximodistal development

What are gross motor skills? a. skills for very specific and precise movements b. skills involving large muscle groups c. motor skills gained by imitating others d. skills that cannot be acquired until late childhood or early adolescence

b. skills involving large muscle groups

What is the technical name for sleepwalking? a. sleep apnea b. somnambulism c. hyposomnia d. insomnia

b. somnambulism

Myelination of neural pathways linking the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex accounts for which of the following? a. the increasing memory abilities of the child b. the increasing balance and coordination in the child c. enhanced verbal skills in the developing child d. dramatic increases in the child's ability to imagine and be creative

b. the increasing balance and coordination in the child

What does oral hydration therapy consist of? a. the ingestion of water mixed with phosphates and sugar b. the ingestion of water mixed with sugar and salt c. the ingestion of water mixed with salt d. the ingestion of plenty of water

b. the ingestion of water mixed with sugar and salt

If you took a group of 100 successful athletes and measured their handedness, what would you find? a. the majority of them will be left-handed b. the percentage who are left-handed is higher than in the general population c. more of them are women than men d. most of them like baseball regardless of their hand preference

b. the percentage who are left-handed is higher than in the general population

Which of the following describes the drawings of a six-year-old? a. they have no real meaning b. they are symbolic rather than specific c. they are random, but then are given meaning by the child d. they represent complex inner emotions the child cannot otherwise express

b. they are symbolic rather than specific

Which statement about the eating habits of preschoolers is commonly heard among parents? a. they will adapt the same eating patterns as their friends b. they develop strong preferences for certain foods c. they do not like dessert d. they choose sour foods over sugary foods

b. they develop strong preferences for certain foods

Which of the following describes sleep terrors? a. they are the same as nightmares b. they occur during deep sleep c. they are more common in infancy than at other ages d. they occur more often as the child gets older

b. they occur during deep sleep

Which of the following describes preschool children's physical development? a. two- and three-year-olds are remarkably similar b. three-year-olds are remarkably more advanced than two-year-olds c. significant gender differences exist during the preschool years d. during early childhood, physical growth is much faster than it was in infancy

b. three-year-olds are remarkably more advanced than two-year-olds

According to Young (2006), when is it acceptable for bed sharing to occur? a. when the child is sick b. when the child is being breast-fed c. when the child is a sleepwalker d. when the child experiences night terrors

b. when the child is being breast-fed

Do vaccines have any side effects? a. no; there are no harmful effects to vaccines b. yes; side effects can include a slight fever, rash, or soreness at the site of injection c. yes; serious side effects are often reported d. no; no side effects occur if you wait until after age five to immunize your child

b. yes; side effects can include a slight fever, rash, or soreness at the site of injection

. Over a 24-hour period, how much sleep do young children require? a. 6-7 hours b. 8-9 hours c. 10-11 hours d. 12-13 hours

c. 10-11 hours

What percentage of children five years and under wet their beds at night? a. 5 percent b. 10 percent c. 15 percent d. 20 percent

c. 15 percent

Approximately how much weight per year do children gain during early childhood? a. 0.5-1 kilograms b. 1-1.5 kilograms c. 2-3 kilograms d. 2.5-3 kilograms

c. 2-3 kilograms

. By what age can most children pedal a tricycle? a. 18 months to 2 years b. 3 years c. 4 to 5 years d. not before 6 or 7 years

c. 4 to 5 years

Which of the following has research determined regarding handedness? a. it is a uniquely human quality b. only species with opposable thumbs develop handedness c. 95 percent of fetuses suck their right thumbs d. handedness is determined largely by gender

c. 95 percent of fetuses suck their right thumbs

In which technically advanced country do children commonly sleep with their mother? a. France b. Canada c. Austria d. Germany

c. Austria

When during the sleep cycle do nightmares most often occur? a. stage 1 b. stage 3 c. REM stage d. stage 4

c. REM stage

. Which of these individuals is most likely left-handed? a. Rachel, who is a police officer b. Fred, who is a chef c. Tommy, who is an all-star baseball player d. Sofia, who is a teacher

c. Tommy, who is an all-star baseball player

When do food preferences typically first appear? a. at birth b. by age six months c. around two to three years of age d. usually not until five to six years of age

c. around two to three years of age

Which of the following describes sex differences in the context of growth during the preschool years? a. boys outgrow girls significantly b. girls outgrow boys significantly c. boys and girls show about the same growth patterns d. girls get heavier while boys get taller

c. boys and girls show about the same growth patterns

Which of the following is true of motor skills? a. experience makes no difference, because these skills are based on maturation b. genetics makes no difference, because these skills are based on experience c. early experience seems to affect development of motor skills d. boys begin utilizing motor skills earlier than girls

c. early experience seems to affect development of motor skills

The development of drawing is linked to which of the following? a. interest in colours and shapes b. social development c. enjoyment d. artistic competence

c. enjoyment

What is the term for failure to control the bladder once the "normal" age for bladder control has been achieved? a. encopresis b. urinesis c. enuresis d. ontothesis

c. enuresis

Which of the following is a risk factor for encopresis? a. drinking too much water b. having a relaxed daily schedule c. experiencing attention deficit disorder d. eating too much fibre

c. experiencing attention deficit disorder

How many servings of vegetables should Ben, a typical three-year-old, consume in a day? a. two b. three c. four d. five

c. four

Which of the following is true of handedness? a. you are either right-handed or left-handed b. anyone could be either right-handed or left-handed—it is all due to experience c. handedness develops early d. significantly more people are becoming left-handed as we move into the computer era

c. handedness develops early

Research shows which of the following regarding handedness? a. fetuses have no preference for handedness b. a majority of fetuses suck their left thumb c. handedness is found in species other than humans d. fetuses suck their right and left thumbs equally

c. handedness is found in species other than humans

Jeremy stutters. What might we guess about his handedness? a. he is right-handed, as this is associated with stuttering b. nothing; no relationship exists between handedness and challenges such as stuttering c. he is likely to be left-handed d. he has inherited damage to his medulla, which is associated with handedness

c. he is likely to be left-handed

The child's ability to attend to and process visual information is important for which of the following? a. remembering information b. watching television c. improving the speed at which the child can process information d. improving the length of time a child can concentrate on visual activities

c. improving the speed at which the child can process information

How should information be presented to the left hemisphere of the brain? a. visually b. with emotion c. in a logical fashion d. as creatively as possible

c. in a logical fashion

. How does air pollution affect children? a. it is a main cause of death in developing countries b. it kills more children annually than diarrhea c. it contributes to respiratory infections, which are responsible for childhood deaths d. it more strongly affects young girls than boys

c. it contributes to respiratory infections, which are responsible for childhood deaths

Which of the following describes a child's brain by age five? a. it has reached 50 percent of its adult weight b. it has reached 75 percent of its adult weight c. it has reached 90 percent of its adult weight d. it has reached 100 percent of its adult weight

c. it has reached 90 percent of its adult weight

Which of the following describes a taste preference for salty foods? a. it is genetic b. it comes from in-utero exposure to sodium c. it is a learned preference d. it is predominantly a male characteristic

c. it is a learned preference

Which of the following statements about handedness is accurate? a. it is entirely environmental b. it is entirely genetically determined c. it is associated with both talents and deficits d. it is culturally determined

c. it is associated with both talents and deficits

31. Which of the following is true regarding rough-and-tumble play? a. girls never engage in it more than boys b. children from lower socioeconomic status groups are more likely to engage in it c. it is influenced by both culture and environment d. it is a form of play specific to Canada

c. it is influenced by both culture and environment

Which of the following is true of physical activity level? a. it is not inherited b. it is often modelled by only one parent c. it may be shared between parent and child d. "couch potato" parents typically have active children

c. it may be shared between parent and child

How does a parent's dislike of certain types of foods (such as vegetables) impact a child? a. it will lead to the child having healthy eating habits in later childhood b. it will have no impact whatsoever on the child's food preferences c. it may lead to the child also disliking those foods d. it will impact boys more so than girls

c. it may lead to the child also disliking those foods

How does lead become a problem for children? a. lead is no longer a problem b. lead can only be ingested by eating something, such as chips of lead paint c. lead may get into tap water from old pipes d. lead is associated with birth defects, but the problems do not remain into childhood

c. lead may get into tap water from old pipes

Which of the following is the most common cause of bed-wetting among children? a. infections of the urinary tract b. kidney problems c. parents who attempt to toilet train children too early d. hostility toward parents

c. parents who attempt to toilet train children too early

What advice should be given regarding children with frequent nightmares or night terrors? a. provide stern discipline to help them get over it b. it will not get any better if you let them sleep with the lights on c. reduce the stress, as it is contributing to the problem d. allow the children to sleep with the parents

c. reduce the stress, as it is contributing to the problem

What is meant by "brain plasticity"? a. brain parts are flexible and can complete a variety of tasks b. certain brain areas have very specific functions c. the brain can sometimes compensate for injuries d. the brain is composed of a large amount of myelin

c. the brain can sometimes compensate for injuries

In terms of brain plasticity, what is "sprouting"? a. the proliferation of new axons b. an increase in the presence of neurotransmitters c. the growth of new dendrites d. redundancy of brain systems

c. the growth of new dendrites

. How can younger preschoolers be described in terms of their play habits? a. they are less likely to engage in any form of play than older preschoolers b. they are more likely to engage in cooperative play than older preschoolers c. they are more likely to engage in physical play than older preschoolers d. they are more sociable than older preschoolers

c. they are more likely to engage in physical play than older preschoolers

How can childhood immunizations be described? a. they are given to all children in Canada b. they cannot be given for diphtheria c. they have greatly reduced the incidence of fatal childhood illnesses d. they have completely eliminated most serious childhood illnesses

c. they have greatly reduced the incidence of fatal childhood illnesses

Which of the following statements is true about favourite objects that children take to bed? a. they can become problematic because they do not teach the child independence b. they are more commonly used by girls than by boys c. they may serve as "transitional objects" d. they may actually thwart child development

c. they may serve as "transitional objects"

. Which of the following is true regarding rough-and-tumble play? a. there are no gender differences in this type of play b. girls engage in this type of play more when young and less as they get older c. this form of play differs from culture to culture d. the amount of this type of play increases dramatically as children get older

c. this form of play differs from culture to culture

Is it okay to wake a sleepwalker? a. yes, because he or she is not really asleep b. no, because it could harm the person c. yes, but he or she may become confused and disoriented d. no, because he or she could become extremely violent

c. yes, but he or she may become confused and disoriented

According to Campbell et al. (2002), approximately how many hours per week do children spend in large-muscle physical activity? a. 13 hours b. 17 hours c. 21 hours d. 25 hours

d. 25 hours

What percentage of children receive oral rehydration therapy for diarrhea? a. 15 percent b. 27 percent c. 30 percent d. 38 percent

d. 38 percent

According to Canadian physical activity guidelines, how much energetic play time should Cassie, a five-year-old child, receive per day? a. 15 minutes b. 30 minutes c. 45 minutes d. 60 minutes

d. 60 minutes

What percentage of dreams occur during REM sleep? a. 50 percent b. 60 percent c. 70 percent d. 80 percent

d. 80 percent

Which of the following conclusions is accurate regarding left-handedness? a. the left-handed person is more likely to be a language whiz b. left-handed people are not creative c. left-handedness is associated with diabetes d. a disproportionately high number of left-handers are academically gifted

d. a disproportionately high number of left-handers are academically gifted

Which of the following is accurate regarding left-handedness? a. the left-handed person is more likely to be female b. left-handedness has been encouraged and even promoted throughout time c. left-handedness is associated with reduced creativity d. a disproportionately high number of left-handers are math whizzes

d. a disproportionately high number of left-handers are math whizzes

By what age will most children "outgrow" bed-wetting? a. age four b. age five c. age seven d. age eight

d. age eight

. By what age do children begin drawing pictures that are recognizable objects? a. age one to two b. age two to three c. age three to four d. age four to five

d. age four to five

Why do children dislike certain foods? a. because they are afraid of getting a stomach ache b. because they are allergic to them c. because their taste buds are overly sensitive d. because they are unfamiliar with them

d. because they are unfamiliar with them

According to the text, which of the following activities is common for a child's bedtime routine? a. having a snack b. saying prayers c. playing on the computer d. brushing one's teeth

d. brushing one's teeth

Which of the following is accurate regarding right-handedness? a. it is more common in Canada than in any other country b. it is 25 percent more common in unindustrialized countries c. it is more common among boys than girls d. by four months, most infants show a right-hand preference

d. by four months, most infants show a right-hand preference

By the age of two, which of the following fine motor skill tasks can a child accomplish? a. lacing one's shoes b. printing one's first name c. using a pencil with the correct hand grip d. copying vertical and horizontal lines

d. copying vertical and horizontal lines

When does bed-wetting tend to occur? a. during stage 1 sleep b. during REM sleep c. during stage 3 sleep d. during the deepest stage of sleep

d. during the deepest stage of sleep

Standing on one foot requires which of the following? a. maturity of the cerebrum b. maturation of the corpus callosum c. myelination of the amygdala d. gross motor skills

d. gross motor skills

What is typically true regarding sleepwalking in children? a. it increases as children get older b. it is more common among girls than boys c. it is more common among boys than girls d. it decreases as children get older

d. it decreases as children get older

Which of the following describes the scribbling of young children? a. it is random and meaningless b. it shows a lack of cognitive development c. it shows a lack of gross motor skills d. it demonstrates meaningful patterns

d. it demonstrates meaningful patterns

. By what age are most Canadian children toilet trained? a. by age two, although this is more the exception than the rule b. by age three, but it's mostly boys c. by age four, although it's mostly girls d. it depends upon age and the number of "accidents"

d. it depends upon age and the number of "accidents"

Which of the following is true of the corpus callosum? a. it does not develop until the preschool years b. it processes visual information only c. it connects the brainstem to the frontal regions of the brain d. it is largely myelinated by the age of eight

d. it is largely myelinated by the age of eight

Which of the following describes encopresis? a. it is more common among girls than boys b. it is a sign of a serious medical condition demanding immediate treatment c. it is treated with harsh punishment d. it is more likely to occur during the day

d. it is more likely to occur during the day

. How can bed-wetting be resolved? a. it can only be successfully treated with SSRI medications b. by psychological therapy c. it should always be treated with antidiuretics d. it usually will resolve itself by the age of eight

d. it usually will resolve itself by the age of eight

How do boys' and girls' motor skills compare throughout early childhood? a. girls are better at tasks requiring gross motor skills b. boys are better at tasks requiring precise movements c. there are huge differences between boys and girls in terms of motor skills d. motor skills are very similar between boys and girls

d. motor skills are very similar between boys and girls

How do nightmares and night terrors differ? a. nightmares are more frightening b. night terrors occur during REM sleep, nightmares do not c. nightmares are usually outgrown, night terrors are not d. night terrors tend to occur earlier in the night

d. night terrors tend to occur earlier in the night

Which illness kills the most children around the world? a. diarrhea b. chicken pox c. rubella d. pneumonia

d. pneumonia

Fine motor skills require which of the following? a. use of large muscles b. limited muscular coordination c. maturation to school age d. practice and experience

d. practice and experience

How do children's nutritional needs change as they move from infancy into the preschool years? a. preschoolers require more carbohydrate than infants b. preschoolers need a significantly lower vitamin intake than infants c. preschoolers need significantly more fat than infants d. preschoolers need to consume fewer calories per pound than infants

d. preschoolers need to consume fewer calories per pound than infants

Which of the following is a culture-specific motor skill? a. eating dinner with one's hands as a child b. carrying toys around c. going for a walk d. riding a tricycle

d. riding a tricycle

In terms of brain plasticity, what is "redundancy"? a. the proliferation of new axons b. an increase in the presence of neurotransmitters c. the growth of new dendrites d. similarity of functions in two or more brain locations

d. similarity of functions in two or more brain locations

Eli and his parents have just moved to a new neighbourhood, so that Eli can attend French immersion school next year. What type of sleep disorder is Eli most likely to experience as a result of these changes to his life? a. insomnia b. somnambulism c. nightmares d. sleep terrors

d. sleep terrors

Are people "right-brained" or "left-brained"? a. there is no such thing as hemisphere specialization b. yes, girls tend to be left-brained and boys tend to be right-brained c. yes, but this specialization does not occur until adolescence d. there is some specialization, but not to the degree suggested in the media

d. there is some specialization, but not to the degree suggested in the media