Chapter 8 AP Euro Study Guide

All of the following characterize Enlightenment thought except

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Before 1789 the largest free-trade are on the Continent was in

A. France

Enlightened despotism had the least success in reforming society in

A. France

Rousseau's main direct contribution to the French Revolution was to

A. cause the upper classes to lose faith in their own superiority

The "Democratic Revolution" rejected

A. everything associated with absolutism or feudalism

A major trend in 18th century British politics was

A. for the Parliament to extend its powers in a general centralization of the empire

Edmund Burke, who virtually founded modern philosophical conservatism favored

A. government by the landowners

In Russia, the Enlightenment did all of the following except

A. produced several Russian thinkers known throughout Europe

The 18th-century philosophes were a group of writers who

A. treated the ultimate questions of existence

The practical difficulties of the French monarchy could largely be traced to

B. its inadequate methods of raising revenue

During the Seven Years' War, who was primarily responsible for driving out the French out of North America?

B. the British army and navy

The "Enlightenment" of the 18th century referred to

B. the belief that Europe had emerged from a time of barbarism and darkness

The 18th century Pietists and Methodists stressed

B. the individual's inner spiritual consciousness

The 1798 Irish rebellion against British rule

B. united Catholic and Protestant Irish against English rule

The great French Encyclopedia, completed between 1751-1772

B. was conceived of as a positive force for social progress

In order to watch over the whole structure of his enlightened reform, Joseph II created

C. A secret police

The British countered the American argument that Parliament had no authority to tax them because Americans were not represented by replying that

C. Americans enjoyed "virtual representation" through other members of Parliament

During the 18th century, "enlightened" people typically imagined God as

C. An inconceivably intelligent Watchmaker

Voltaire and Montesquieu, key Enlightenment philosophers

C. both admired English institutions

Enlightened despotism grew out of earlier absolutism represented, e.g., by Louis XIV. However, the typical enlightened despot differed from "unenlightened" predecessor

C. by justifying his authority on grounds of usefulness to society

George III sought to increase the influence of the Crown and, therefore

C. created a new faction, the "king's friends"

Frederick the Great did all of the following except

C. decreed that all children receive elementary education

Characteristic of the demands of the age of "Democratic Revolution" between 1760 and the French Revolution were

C. demands for liberty and equality

Under Catherine the Great, serfdom in Russia

C. increased in size and became more burdensome

The 18th century Enlightenment embodied all of the following except

C. skepticism about the regularity and harmony of nature

In the 18th century, the aspect of British political life which provoked most public criticism was

C. the grossly inequitable system of representation to Parliament

Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations argued that

C. the program of mercantilism that had made Britain wealthy

Rousseau's ideas included all of the following except

C. the true and only possible expression of the General Will is a democracy

Toward the end of Louis XV's reign, Maupeou, his chief minister, carried out the drastic measure of abolishing the old parlements, or courts, and creating new ones. These "Maupeou parlements"

C. were forbidden to reject governments edicts or declare them unconstitutional

By the end of the era of enlightened despotism, just prior to the French Revolution

D. All of the above

Enlightened thinkers generally believed in progress, reason, science and civilization, but they also took divergent and inconsistent positions. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

D. All of the above

For Europeans, the success of the American Revolution was a powerful factor in promoting

D. All of the above

During the War of American Independence, all of the following countries went to war against Britain except

D. Austria

Maria Theresa undertook a program of internal consolidation of her empire in which she broke the power of local governments and guild monopolies, except in

D. Hungary

All of the following are true about 18th-century freemasonry except

D. Masonic lodges generally held their meetings in public

Montesquieu influential doctrine of the separation and balance of powers suggested that good government could be obtained

D. all of the above

In foreign affairs, Catherine's achievements included all of the following except

D. her conquests gave Russia a port on the Baltic Sea

All of the following are true about enlightened despotism except

D. it emphasized the divine origin of monarchy

In reaching a judgment of Catherine, one can say that

D. probably no ruler could have corrected the social evils of 18th century Russia

Voltaire's famous polemical slogan, Ecrasez l'infame! ("Crush the infamous thing!"), referred to

D. religious bigotry and superstition