Chapter 8 Articulations

Where would a gliding movement most likely occur? Atlantoaxial joint in the neck Between the intercarpal joints of the wrist Elbow joint Hip joint

Between the intercarpal joints of the wrist Gliding is a sliding motion between the articulating surfaces of the bones in a joint. These movements are considered nonaxial because the bones slide past each other and move in several possible directions without the constraint of an axis or axes. The direction of movement depends on the shape of the articulating surfaces at the joint as well as the limitations of the surrounding supportive connective tissues.

What do ligaments connect together? Muscles Bone and muscle Bones Cartilage and bone

Bones A ligament is a strand of dense regular collagenous connective tissue that connects one bone to another to strengthen and reinforce the articulating bones. Two types of ligaments are present around synovial joints.

Which of the following is a freely movable joint? Amphiarthrosis Fibrous Diarthrosis Synarthrosis

Diarthrosis

Which of the following is a functional joint classification? Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial Diarthrosis

Diarthrosis Joints can be classified in two ways: (1) according to the amount of motion they allow, which is their functional classification; or (2) according to their anatomical features, which is their structural classification.

What movement decreases the angle between the foot and tibia as the toes are pulled up toward the head? Plantarflexion Pronation Dorsiflexion Inversion

Dorsiflexion Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion are a combination of movements that involve the foot and ankle. In dorsiflexion, the angle between the foot and the tibia decreases. In other words, the toes are pulled up toward the head.

Which of the following cartilaginous joints is found only in young, growing people? Costochondral joint Pubic symphysis Epiphyseal plate Intervertebral disc

Epiphyseal plate Recall that the epiphyseal plate is the location from which long bones grow in length during skeletal development. These epiphyseal plates are actually temporary joints. The epiphyseal plate is found between the shaft (diaphysis) and the head (epiphysis) of the long bones in a developing skeleton. The hyaline cartilage of an epiphyseal plate is replaced with bone when bone growth is

In the knee joint, the medial meniscus is __________. hyaline cartilage fibro cartilage elastic cartilage dense regular collagenous connective tissue

Fibro cartilage The menisci provide shock absorption and cushioning between the articular cartilages of the femoral and tibial condyles. They also improve the fit between the two bones, which further stabilizes the joint. A ligament is a strand of dense regular collagenous connective tissue that connects one bone to another to strengthen and reinforce the articulating bones. The articular cartilage is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of the bones in the joint that are not covered by the articular capsule.

Which of the following cartilaginous joints functions primarily in protection and shock absorption of the spinal column? Pubic symphysis Intervertebral disc Costochondral joint Epiphyseal plate

Intervertebral disc These joints have fibrocartilage pads. Although each individual intervertebral joint allows only a small degree of motion, the spinal column as a whole is quite flexible.

What type of joint is a ball-and-socket joint? Uniaxial joint Biaxial joint Multiaxial (triaxial) joint Nonaxial joint

Multiaxial (triaxial) joint A ball-and-socket joint is a multiaxial joint in which the articulating surface of one bone is ball-shaped or spherical and fits into a cup or socket formed by the articulating surface of the other bone.

Which joint is associated with the rotator cuff, a group of muscles and their tendons? Elbow Shoulder Knee Hip

Shoulder The shoulder joint is associated with the rotator cuff, a group of muscles and their tendons. Four muscles—the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis—and their corresponding tendons are collectively called the rotator cuff. The rotator cuff surrounds the shoulder joint and provides most of its strength and stability.

Which type of fibrous joint is found between bones of the cranium? Synovial Suture Syndesmosis Synchondrosis

Suture A suture is the type of fibrous joint is found between bones of the cranium. Recall that a suture is a joint between the edges of bones that make up the cranium. These bone edges have finger-like projections that articulate somewhat like a closed zipper. They are reinforced by dense regular collagenous connective tissue. During skeletal development, sutures allow a small amount of movement but fuse with maturity to become synarthroses as the connective tissue is replaced by bone.

Which of the following best represents the functional classifications of joints ranked from least movable to most movable? Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis Synarthrosis, diarthrosis, amphiarthrosis Amphiarthrosis, synarthrosis, diarthrosis Diarthrosis, synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis A synarthrosis does not allow any movement between articulating bones. An amphiarthrosis allows only a small amount of movement between articulating bones. A diarthrosis is freely moveable, allowing a wide variety of specific movements. Note that synarthroses and amphiarthroses provide little, if any, motion, but a great deal of stability. Diarthroses, in contrast, provide a great deal of motion, but not much stability.

Which of the following is not a subclass of a fibrous joint? Suture Synchondrosis Syndesmosis Gomphosis

Synchondrosis Fibrous joints fall into three categories: sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses. There are two types of cartilaginous joints: synchondroses and symphyses.

Which of the following is a cartilaginous joint? Synchondrosis Gomphosis Syndesmosis Suture

Synchondrosis synchondrosis consists of bones united by hyaline cartilage. Recall from the tissues chapter that hyaline cartilage is a tough but flexible connective tissue often associated with joints. Synchondroses permit essentially no motion and are therefore functionally synarthroses.

What part of the joint cavity lubricates the joint, supplies nutrients, removes metabolic wastes, and absorbs shock? Synovial fluid Ligament Articular cartilage Adipose tissue

Synovial fluid Other components of a synovial joint include adipose tissue, nerves, and blood vessels. Adipose tissue (fat) is packed into the empty spaces surrounding the joint, which provides protective padding. These fat pads are pliable and can change shape as a synovial joint moves.

What feature is not part of the synovial joint? Tendon sheath Synovial fluid Articular cartilage Articular capsule

Tendon sheath Tendon sheaths are long bursae that surround some tendons in high-stress regions of the human body. Tendon sheaths protect long tendons as they course over and around synovial joints.

Which statement best describes tendon sheaths? Tendon sheaths protect long tendons as they course over and around synovial joints. Tendon sheaths help anchor the tendon to the muscle. Tendon sheaths connect one bone to another to strengthen and reinforce articulating bones. Tendon sheaths are lined with dense irregular connective tissue.

Tendon sheaths protect long tendons as they course over and around synovial joints. Tendon sheaths are long bursae that surround some tendons in high-stress regions of the human body.

Flexion and extension are types of __________. angular movements rotational movements special movements gliding movements

angular movements Angular movements increase or decrease the angle between the articulating bones. Flexion decreases the angle between articulating bones by bringing the two bones closer together. Extension, the opposite of flexion, increases the angle between articulating bones.

The anterior cruciate ligament anchors the tibia bone to __________. a ligament another bone a muscle a bursa

another bone The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) runs from an anterior insertion site on the tibia to the posterior aspect of the femur. When the knee joint is extended, the ACL tightens to prevent hyperextension and to prevent the tibia from moving too far anteriorly on the femur. A ligament is a strand of dense regular collagenous connective tissue that connects one bone to another to strengthen and reinforce the articulating bones. A tendon—a structural component of skeletal muscle composed of dense regular collagenous connective tissue—connects the muscle to a bone or another structure.

Which statement best describes a bursa? A bursa is a synovial fluid-filled structure lined with synovial membrane on its inner surface. A bursa is composed of hyaline cartilage that provides a smooth surface on which bones articulate. A bursa connects one bone to another bone to strengthen and reinforce articulating bones. A bursa is a structural component of skeletal muscle composed of dense regular collagenous connective tissue.

bursa is a synovial fluid-filled structure lined with synovial membrane on its inner surface. A bursa is a synovial fluid-filled structure resembling a limp water balloon. This fibrous structure is lined with synovial membrane on its inner surface, much like the articular capsule. Bursae may be attached to the articular capsule or completely separate. Generally, bursae are found in regions of high stress where bones, tendons, muscles, and skin interact in a small space. Bursae, such as the subacromial bursa of the shoulder joint, minimize friction between all the moving parts of a synovial joint.

What fiber is commonly associated with fibrous joints? Elastic Reticular Keratin Collagen

collagen Fibrous joints consist of two bones joined by dense regular collagenous connective tissue. Recall from the tissues chapter (Chapter 4) that dense regular collagenous connective tissue contains fibers of the tough protein collagen. Collagen fibers lend stability to these joints but permit little, if any, motion.

The elbow and knee joints are similar in that their primary motions are __________. abduction and adduction rotation and circumduction inversion and eversion flexion and extension

flexion and extension Flexion decreases the angle between articulating bones by bringing the two bones closer together. An example is the action of the elbow joint in which the forearm is pulled toward the upper arm. As the elbow flexes, the angle between the arm and forearm decreases. Flexion also occurs at the shoulder and the hip. Flexion of these joints moves the arm and thigh anteriorly, in front of the body. Extension, the opposite of flexion, increases the angle between articulating bones. If we extend the elbow, the arm and forearm move away from one another, increasing the angle. Extension of the shoulder and hip is motion in a posterior direction, moving the hand or foot behind the rest of the body.

What best describes cartilaginous joints? Free range of motion Little, if any, motion Joint cavity Presence of synovial fluid in the joint cavity

little, if any, motion Cartilaginous joints have cartilage between the articulating bones. Like fibrous joints, no joint space is present. Functionally, cartilaginous joints are synarthroses or amphiarthroses. Joints can be classified on the basis of how much motion they allow, giving us the following functional categories. A synarthrosis does not allow any movement between articulating bones. An amphiarthrosis allows only a small amount of movement between articulating bones. A diarthrosis is freely moveable, allowing a wide variety of specific movements.

A ballerina who stands on the tips of her toes is performing __________. dorsiflexion inversion plantarflexion eversion

plantarflexion Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion are a combination of movements that involve the foot and ankle. In plantarflexion, the opposite motion, the angle between the foot and the tibia increases—the toes point toward the ground. In dorsiflexion, the angle between the foot and the tibia decreases. In other words, the toes are pulled up toward the head.

What type of joint allows motion around only one axis? Uniaxial Biaxial Nonaxial Multiaxial (triaxial)

uniaxial We can group synovial joints into four functional classes based on the number of axes around which a bone can move. Nonaxial joints allow motion to occur in one or more planes but do not move around an axis. Uniaxial joints allow motion around only one axis. Biaxial joints allow motion around two axes. Multiaxial or triaxial joints allow motion around three axes.