Chapter 8 Behavior in Organizations

An innate belief about something without conscious consideration is called

intuition

According to the rational decision-making approach, evaluate the alternatives

involves assessing all possible alternatives

The behavioral approach to decision-ma ing is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

it uses logic

Decisions that recur infrequently and have no decision rules are _____ decisions.

nonprogrammed

The creative process normally begins with a period of _____.

preparation

Prospect theory argues that when people ma e decisions under conditions of _____ they are more motivated to avoid losses than they are to see gains.

risk

Sarah, a human resources manager at XYZ Services, can estimate the probability that a certain percentage of employees will take advantage of a proposed benefit plan. Sarah is operating under a condition of

risk

Under a condition of ______, little information about the outcomes is available, but the decision ma er is able to estimate the probability of occurrence of each alternative.

risk

Ethical dilemmas for managers may center on all of the following EXCEPT:

risk propensity

The rational decision-ma ing approach assumes all of these EXCEPT that decision makers

make satisficing decisions

Lonnie is using the rational decision-ma ing process to decide a course of action for the marketing department. While selecting a preferred alternative a fellow wor er as s "What if something unexpected happens during the implementation of the alternative we have selected?" This type of question is an example of _____.

planning for contingencies

The sales department at a local company determines that product A will moderately boost sales and have a shorter production schedule, so it is decided that this product will be manufactured and sold without considering other options. In choosing this product, the sales department is

satisficing

According to research, the common attributes of creative individuals include which of the following?

Being raised in an environment that nurtured creativity

_____ refers to the inability of decision makers to process all aspects of information so that the decision is made with a limited subset of information.

Bounded rationality

Managers who are cautious and try to adhere to the rational decision-making model

infrequently make decisions that lead to big losses

Contingency plans are a part of what phase of the decision-ma ing process?

Choosing an alternative

Which of these represent a basis for making programmed decisions?

Decision rules

What is the second step of the decision-ma ing process, according to the rational decision-making approach?

Identification of the problem

While driving home from a hard day at work, Riya finally realized the solution to the problem she had been having with a certain customer. Riya just reached which stage of the creative process?

Insight

Characteristics of programmed decisions include all but which of the following?

Judgment and creativity are the basis of solution

Programmed decisions are most common at what level of the organization?

Lower

______ decisions often involve situations that occur often in a company.

Programmed

Characteristics of nonprogrammed decisions include all but which of the following?

The decisions are a primary responsibility of top management.

If a customer voices a complaint about food taste and temperature, some restaurants always provide a complimentary meal. This represents

a decision rule.

A decision maker's actions are guided by

a goal

Under the condition of ______, the manager nows what the outcomes of each alternative.

certainty

Decision making is

choosing one alternative from among several.

Being able to see differences between situations, phenomena, or events is a creative ability called _____ thinking.

divergent

In _____ the decision ma er nowingly accepts less than the best possible outcome.

suboptimizing

Under the condition of ______, the decision maker lacks enough information to estimate the probability of outcomes.

uncertainty

Nonprogrammed decisions are usually made by

upper management

The last step in the rational decision-making process is

control: measure and adjust

Which of the following represents the step of the rational decision-ma ing approach in which the outcomes of the decision are compared to the desired goal?

Control: measure and adjust

One important method for enhancing creativity is to make it a part of the organization's

culture

A person's beliefs about what constitutes right and wrong behavior are called

ethics

Roger purchases stoc in a public company and he refuses to sell it even after repeated drops in the original price he paid for the stock . Jim has decided to purchase more of the stock in anticipation of making a profit, and has decided to keep the stock in the face of increasing losses. Roger is suffering from

escalation of commitment

What information condition lies between certainty and uncertainty in making decisions?

Risk

_____ is the extent to which a decision maker is willing to gamble when making a decision

Risk propensity

When _____ arises, a decision ma er questions the decision made and searches for information to bolster it.

cognitive dissonance

The decision-making conditions of certainty, uncertainty, and risk are relevant while the decision maker is

evaluating alternatives