Chapter 8 connect aphy 201
Breathing interruption during sleep is known as ___________ _______________ . Sufferers are deprived of both slow-wave and REM sleep.
sleep apnea
select all that apply What is an EEG useful for? Multiple select question. Identifying the different states of consciousness Diagnosing coma and brain death Visualizing the structure of the brain Diagnosing some neurological diseases
- Identifying the different states of consciousness - Diagnosing coma and brain death -Diagnosing some neurological diseases
Which of these options stimulate secretion by orexin neurons in the hypothalamus? Multiple select question. Excitatory inputs from the suprachiasmatic nucleus Limbic system activity associated with anger or fear Melatonin secreted by the pineal gland Negative energy balance Adenosine released by associated neuron
-Excitatory inputs from the suprachiasmatic nucleus -Limbic system activity associated with anger or fear -Negative energy balance
In young adults, REM sleep constitutes Blank______ of the total sleeping time, and this fraction is Blank______ in older adults. Multiple choice question. 40% to 50%; smaller 60% to 65%; smaller 20% to 25%; larger 20% to 25%; smaller 40% to 50%; larger
20% to 25%; smaller
In a given night, about how many sleep cycles does a typical individual go through? Multiple choice question. 9-11 2-3 4-5 6-8 1
4-5
NREM and REM sleep alternate in a cyclical pattern when people sleep, with each complete cycle lasting approximately Blank______. Multiple choice question. 10 minutes 7.5 hours 90 minutes 30 minutes
90 minutes
Which of the following inhibits secretion by orexin neurons? Multiple choice question. Negative energy balance Limbic system activity associated with anger or fear Adenosine Excitatory inputs from the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Adenosine
True or false: A larger proportion of an elderly adult's sleeping time is comprised of REM sleep than in a young adult.
False
Which EEG wave pattern is associated with EEG arousal and the act of paying attention to a stimulus?
Beta waves
Which EEG wave pattern is associated with EEG arousal and the act of paying attention to a stimulus? Multiple choice question. Theta waves Beta waves Alpha waves Gamma waves Delta waves
Beta waves
Beta waves
Choice Recorded from the frontal lobes, especially the precentral gyri; observed when people are paying attention to a stimulus
Which of these is a disorder that manifests as large amplitude (up to 1000 microvolt) recurrent waves on an electroencephalogram? Multiple choice question. Epilepsy Narcolepsy Multiple sclerosis Schizophrenia Kleptomania
Epilepsy
Benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax) have sleep-inducing effects. Thus, they are best described as Blank______. Multiple choice question. GABA antagonists acetylcholine agonists acetylcholine antagonists GABA agonists
GABA agonists
Benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax) have sleep-inducing effects. Thus, they are best described as Blank______. Multiple choice question. acetylcholine agonists acetylcholine antagonists GABA agonists GABA antagonists
GABA agonists
Benzodiazepines such as Valium induce sleep because they stimulate ______ receptors, which leads to reduced secretion of ______. Multiple choice question. -monoamine; orexins and GABA -GABA; orexins and monamines -histamine; norepinephrine and serotonin -orexin; GABA and monoamines -serotonin; histamine and norepinephrine
GABA; orexins and monamines
Benzodiazepines such as Valium induce sleep because they stimulate ______ receptors, which leads to reduced secretion of ______. Multiple choice question. monoamine; orexins and GABA serotonin; histamine and norepinephrine GABA; orexins and monamines histamine; norepinephrine and serotonin orexin; GABA and monoamine
GABA; orexins and monamines
Gamma
High-frequency oscillations that occur when combinations of stimuli (e.g., sound, vision, smell) occur together
The EEG patterns of NREM sleep occur in 3 stages: N1, N2, and N3. As an individual progresses from the N1 to N2 stage, and N2 to N3 stage, what happens to the frequency and amplitude of the EEG pattern?
It becomes lower frequency, and larger amplitude.
The monoamines norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine are are released from neurons of the reticular activating system that originate in the Blank______. Multiple choice question. eyes brainstem cerebellum cerebral cortex hypothalamus
brainstem
Which of these options stimulate secretion by orexin neurons in the hypothalamus? Multiple select question. Limbic system activity associated with anger or fear Excitatory inputs from the suprachiasmatic nucleus Negative energy balance Adenosine released by associated neurons Melatonin secreted by the pineal gland
Limbic system activity associated with anger or fear Excitatory inputs from the suprachiasmatic nucleus Negative energy balance
Delta and theta
Lower frequency waves emitted in a general pattern from the cerebral cortex; common in a sleeping adult Gamma matches
Hormones important for normal growth (children) and regulation of reproductive function (adults) are released during what phase of sleep? Multiple choice question. NREM Neither REM nor NREM REM
NREM
Periods of REM sleep alternate with ____________ sleep
NREM or non-REM
A typical sleep cycle begins with ______ sleep, and ends with ______ sleep. Multiple choice question. REM; NREM NREM; REM
NREM; REM
Cyclic changes in states of consciousness are driven by physiological processes. These processes are under the influence of nuclei in both the _______and___________ .
brainstem hypothalamus
During which stage of sleep is the brain's activity most like that of an alert, awake individual? Multiple choice question. NREM stage 3 (N3) NREM stage1 (N1) REM sleep NREM stage 2 (N2
REM sleep
Which are terms used to describe the stage of sleep in which dreams most commonly occur? Multiple select question. MP4 Rapid eye movement REM Paradoxical Non-REM N2
Rapid eye movement REM Paradoxical
Alpha waves
Recorded from the parietal and occipital lobes in a resting, awake individual
Excitatory synaptic activity is enhanced throughout the brain when brainstem neurons of the reticular activating system release which neuromodulatory monoamines? Multiple select question. GABA Glutamate Serotonin Histamine Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Orexins
Serotonin Histamine Norepinephrine
Sleep apnea is characterized by ______. Multiple choice question. a decreased breathing rate breathing temporarily stopping an increased breathing rate
breathing temporarily stopping
True or false: The brain's oxygen consumption is greater during REM sleep than during NREM sleep or the awake state. True false question.
True
The awake state is regulated by the reticular activating system. Neurons of RAS release the monoaminergic neurotransmitters norepinephrine, __________, and , which in this case function principally as neuromodulators.
serotonin histamine
Orexin neurons are Blank______ by the limbic system and Blank______ by adenosine. Multiple choice question. activated; inhibited inhibited; inhibited activated; activated inhibited; activated
activated; inhibited
An increase in the frequency of waves on the EEG is generally correlated with ______. Multiple choice question. drowsiness NREM sleep an increase in alertness greater synchronization of synaptic firing activity in cortical neurons
an increase in alertness
When there is an increase in the degree of synchronous firing of neurons in the cortex, it can be detected in an electroencephalogram as Blank______. Multiple choice question. an increase in the time between waves an increase in the frequency an increase in the amplitude a decrease in the time between waves
an increase in the amplitude
In an EEG, the wave's amplitude is typically in the range of 0.5 to 100 μV. This is Blank______ the amplitude of an action potential. Multiple choice question. -as much as 10 times larger than -as much as 10 times smaller than -about the same as -as much as 1000 times smaller than -as much as 1000 times larger than
as much as 1000 times smaller than
As adults age, the length of time spent in REM sleep Blank______. Multiple choice question. declines increases does not change
declines
As adults age, the length of time spent in REM sleep Blank______. Multiple choice question. increases declines does not change
declines
A disorder characterized by seizures involving involuntary muscle contraction and loss of consciousness that manifest as distinctive, recurring large-amplitude spikes and waves on an electroencephalogram, is called ___________. It is a common neurological disease occurring in about 1% of the population.
epilepsy
Increased states of alertness are generally indicated on an electroencephalogram plot by increases _____________ in of the waveform.
frequency
Orexins are produced by neurons in the ________________, and they regulate the activity of neurons in the reticular activating system.
hypothalamus
Orexins are produced by neurons in the ____________ , and they regulate the activity of neurons in the reticular activating system.
hypothalamus
Orexin secretion by neurons of the hypothalamus is associated with ______ wakefulness and _____ appetite. Multiple choice question. increased; increased increased; decreased decreased; decreased decreased; increased
increased; increased
In general, lower electroencephalogram frequencies indicate Blank______ responsive states. Multiple choice question. absence of more maximal less
less
Compared to imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the electroencephalogram (EEG) has much ______ spatial resolution which makes it far _____ for detecting and localizing brain areas damaged by tumors, blood clots, or hemorrhage. greater; inferior lesser; inferior lesser; superior greater; superior
lesser; inferior
Orexins stimulate the release of ______ by neurons of the reticular activating system. Multiple choice question. hypocretin gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) monoamines glutamate
monoamines
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regulates both sleeping and waking states. In the morning it stimulates the secretion of Blank______, and at night it stimulates the secretion of Blank______. Multiple choice question. melatonin; orexins adenosine; melatonin melatonin; serotonin orexins; melatonin adenosine; orexins
orexins; melatonin
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regulates both sleeping and waking states. In the morning it stimulates the secretion of ______, and at night it stimulates the secretion of _______. Multiple choice question. adenosine; melatonin melatonin; orexins adenosine; orexins melatonin; serotonin orexins; melatonin
orexins; melatonin
When an infant turns its head toward a sight or sound, the infant is engaging in a behavior called ______________response.
orienting
Patients in an irreversible coma often enter a state in which sleep-wake cycles are present even though the patient is unaware of his or her surroundings. This is called a(n) ____________ _______________ state.
persistent vegetative
Most of the electrical signals recorded in an EEG come from the ________ cells of the cortex.
pyramidal
The complex network of nuclei and fiber tracts originating within the brainstem and radiating throughout the cortex that regulates consciousness is called the Blank______. Multiple choice question. reticular activating system reticular formation reverberating or recurrent circuit limbic system arcuate fasciculus
reticular activating system
The main circadian pacemaker in the body resides in the
suprachiasmatic nucleus
Electroencephalography measures ______.
synchronous graded potentials in the many hundreds of thousands of brain cells underlying the recording electrodes, in particular pyramidal cells
The amplitude of the electroencephalogram reflects the degree of synchronous firing of the Blank______ neuronal clusters that are generating the EEG. Multiple choice question. thalamic cerebral cerebellar hypothalamic
thalamic
The synchronization of cortical neurons that are recorded as waves on an electroencephalograram is thought thought to originate as synchronized firing of neurons in the brain structure called the
thalamus
the synchronization of cortical neurons that are recorded as waves on an electroencephalograram is thought thought to originate as synchronized firing of neurons in the brain structure called the
thalamus
Activity of the reticular activating system (RAS) promotes Blank______, and inhibition of the RAS promotes Blank______. Multiple choice question. wakefulness; sleep sleep; wakefulness
wakefulness; sleep