Chapter 8: Drug Use and Prevention, Uppers downers ch 8

4 Determinants that help children avoid drug use

1. Strong sense of family 2. Established personal position about drugs, alcohol and sex 3. Strong spiritual sense 4. Clean and sober adult role model

85% of all STDs occur in people between ages

15-30

What is the general pattern of drug/alcohol use during pregnancy, and what are possible consequences?

18.6% of fetuses are exposed to just alcohol; 17% to marijuana and 17.6% to tobacco; in mom, can aggravate health problems; higher rate of miscarriage, blood vessel damage, severe infant withdrawal, and higher rates of SIDS, ruins their defense mechanisms; first 12 weeks is vital; fetal alcohol spectrum disorders/FAS

When was the 18th Amendment (prohibition) passed? When was the 21st Amendment (repeal of prohibition) passed?

1920; repealed in 1933

Substance abusing employee is ---- times late more often and absent ---- times more often

3 to 14 5 to 7

Substance users experience ---- more on job accidents ----sick leave ----worker comp claims

3 to 4 3 times 5 times

% of full time college students binge drink and/or abuse prescription and legal drugs

49%

Percentage of juvenile male arrests that tested + for illegal drug/s

50%+

Percentage of drug users (age 18+) that work full or part time (also 80% of binge drinkers)

74.8%

What aids drug, if used, then only 8% of newborns will be infected

AZT

Most serious problem with adolescents and college students

Alcohol (1st),tobacco (2nd) and marijuana (3rd)

Public health model (PHM)

Alters the relationships among the host, the environment and agents to control addiction

What is demand reduction? What is the basic premise of primary prevention?

Believe that the health, social, and crime problems associated with drug use could be greatly lessened at a fraction of the cost of supply reduction efforts if: 1. Individuals never develop an interest in psychoactive drugs (primary prevention) 2. Users never progress to abuse or addicition (secondary prevention) 3. Abusers or Addicts get treatment and stop their continued use (tertiary prevention)

First three drugs used

Caffeine Cigarettes Alcohol

Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)

Causes profound amnesia and lowered inhibitions as well as lessened ability to resist sexual assault

1/2 of all teenagers who are very sexually active have

Chlamydia

Most common STD

Chlamydia

Biggest effect of alcohol and drug use for adolescents

Crime

3 main effects on psychoactive drugs on sexual behavior

Desire, excitation and orgasm

Latency

Dormancy

What are some skill-building and resiliency programs? What are their different strategies?

Drug diversion programs (drug courts) route first-time drug offenders to education and rehab programs instead of jail--useful and cost effective

EMIT

Easy to conduct; drug test but doesn't determine concentration of drug -(Enzyme multiplied immunoassay techniques )

EAP

Employee assistance programs

Fasd

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

3rd most common birth defect and leading cause of mental retardation in us

Fetal alcohol syndrome

What term do drugs most affect a baby?

First 12 weeks

MDMA/MDA

Gives calm feeling, warm towards others and gives heightened sensual awareness

What are some needle-transmitted diseases? What harm reduction technique is used for this?

Hepatitus B and C, cotton fever, endocarditis, abscesses, malaria, tuberculosis, and syphilis; free needle exchange and education and treatment

Cocaine and amphetamines

Increase heart rate and constrict blood vessels causing dramatic elevations in blood pressure for mother and fetus

Not considered sexual enhancer

LSD, laughing gas

What is the "lag phase"?

Lag phase- the time between first use of a drug and the development or physical and emotional problemsl

What was the Amethyst Initiative?

Lowered the drinking age from 21 to 18, along with many other rights.

Mirror that magnifies - suggests a peer costing desire for the sensations that occur

Marijuana

GC/MS

Most accurate, sensitive and reliable method of drug testing

Which drugs generally suppress sexual activity

Opioids

What has been the main strategy used by the U.S. government to prevent/lessen drug use and addictive behavior? How successful has this strategy been?

Prevention; lack of long-enough programs, no support from non users

What is secondary prevention? How successful have this approach been?

Seeks to halt drug use once it has begun amongst the non-dependant users; Drug courts work; handicapped by concealment by those who use

GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate)

Selective hypnotic and dopamine enhancer; rave club scenes; lowers inhibitions and makes sex more pleasurable

The book lists some challenges to prevention - what are these?

Social and health problems from alcohol, tobacco, and script drugs cause more problems than do illicit drugs; The legality of alcohol and tobacco, along with heavy advertising, limits the effectiveness and the credibility of many prevention programs; prevention that works takes time, must be carried on throughout people's lifetime, and must be adequately funded.

Endocarditis

Sometimes fatal condition caused by certain bacteria that lodge and grow in valves of the heart

Aphrodisiacs

Stimulates sexual desire

SIDS

Sudden infant death syndrome

3 major drug tests

TLC EMIT GC/MS

Latency

Takes 2-3 hours to be detected; alcohol takes 30 minutes

What is tertiary prevention? What are harm reduction techniques? Why are they controversial?

Tertiary seeks to stop further damage from habituation, abuse, and addiction to drugs and to restore drug abusers to health; Harm reduction focuses on techniques to minimize the personal and societal problems associated with drug use; providing clean needles or giving methadone for addicts in controversial, can just make the problems worse

What was the Volstead Act?

The National Prohibition Act of 1919 (commonly called the Volstead Act) was enabling legislation enacted to provide for the implementation of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which established National Prohibition of alcoholic beverages.

What is the relationship between substance abuse and sexual behavior?

Those who use psychoactive drugs to acheive sexual gratification are usually looking for a quick sensation rather than enduring emotions.

What percentage of pregnant women take at least one drug while pregnant (vitamins, etc)

Two thirds

What kinds of unhealthy roles for children can develop from being in a home with addiction/alcoholism?

When a child is born into a family where one or both parents abuse alcohol or drugs, they usually assume one of four roles to help them handle adversity. They carry these roles into adulthood, creating a whole new set of problems; 1. Hero child 2. Problem child 3. Lost child 4. Mascot/Family clown