Chapter 8: Eating and Sleep Disorders

Which of the following is not true about the relationships between the media and attitudes about body shape?

The media has no impact on body image.

Which of the following is a precipitant of anorexia in China?

acne

Sleepwalking is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

acting out a dream

With regard to the biological influences of anorexia and bulimia, the most accurate statement is:

although the studies are still limited, there appears to be some biological influence in the development of anorexia and bulimia

Genetic influences on eating disorders most likely involve:

an inherited personality tendency that may make development of an eating disorder more likely

On the "Abnormal Psychology Live" CD for Chapter 8, Susan mentioned that she often compensated for eating by purging. She indicated that her weight has been as low as 87 pounds. Her diagnosis is:

anorexia

Studies of foreign-born students who are attending Western universities show that:

anorexia and bulimia are observed in some students who were raised in countries where these disorders do not exist

Which of the following diagnosis would require the noticeable loss of weight?

anorexia nervosa

Bulimic patients often present with additional psychological disorders, particularly .... and .....

anxiety disorders; mood disorders

A risk factor for binging may be:

attempts to restrict food intake

Of the following, the group in which we would expect to see the highest incidence of anorexia is:

ballet dancers

Susan, a woman of relatively normal weight, sometimes eats huge quantities of junk food with no ability to stop herself. She follows this with long periods of complete fasting. Based on this information, Susan would:

be diagnosed with bulimia

The proposal that we should discuss taxing high calorie, fat or sugar foods to control obesity has:

been adopted nationwide

Amy is a young woman who is very competitive and comes from a high achieving, wealthy family. She is very social and likes the fact that she is quite popular. She believes that her popularity is dependent on the weight and shape of her body. Amy has a boyfriend but worries that she may care more about their relationship than he does. The feature that puts Amy most at risk for an eating disorder such as bulimia is her:

belief that her weight and body shape influence her popularity

Individuals who experience loss of control of their eating and consume great quantities of food but do not engage in any attempts to compensate for their binge would be diagnosed with:

binge eating disorder

The most significant feature of bulimia is:

binge eating followed by compensatory behavior

Adolescents tend to shift towards a:

biologically determined later sleep schedule

Outcome research regarding the long-term success of treatment for eating disorders indicates that:

bulimia patients tend to have a better prognosis than anorexia patients

The best evidence that binge eating disorder (BED) may not just be a special case of bulimia is that:

bulimic women outnumber bulimic men by 9:1, but this ratio is about 3:1 for BED

Individuals with bulimia:

can be any weight

The most common medical complication of anorexia is:

cessation of menstrual cycle

An important aspect of the cognitive behavioral approach to the treatment of bulimia involves:

changing patients' dysfunctional thoughts regarding their weight and previous weight control strategies

Many clinicians suggest that the most difficult part of treatment for anorexia, and the part of treatment where many anorexics are not successful, is:

changing their attitudes regarding body and self image

A severe difficulty in regulating sleep that is induced by jet lag or by working rotating shifts is an example of:

circadian rhythm disruption

individuals with night eating syndrome:

consume a third of their daily intake after their evening meal

As we grow older, it seems that the amount of sleep that we require:

decreases

The most common reason that anorexics generally do not seek treatment on their own is that they:

do not see themselves as too thin

Based on the research reported in your text regarding available treatments for bulimia, we can conclude that treatment that focuses on .... and .... is most effective in gaining rapid control of bulimia and maintaining these gains over the long term.

dysfunctional thoughts; actual disorder behaviors

Of the following, the correct pairing is:

dyssomnia - inability to fall asleep

Joe has recently started having a great deal of difficulty falling asleep. In addition, he frequently wakes up during the night and has trouble falling back to sleep once awakened. At this point we can conclude that Joe's sleep problems are influenced by:

either medical or psychological conditions

The most serious medical consequence of bulimia is potential:

electrolyte imbalance

Recent research (Wilfley, 2002) regarding the treatment of binge eating disorder indicates that interpersonal therapy (IPT) is .... cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT).

equally effective as

The syndrome in which infant growth and development is severely retarded because of inadequate nutrition is called:

failure to thrive

Of the following, the only symptom that both patients with narcolepsy and patients with hypersomnia experience is:

falling asleep during normal waking hours

Which of the following genetic factors does not contribute to obesity?

fat cell shape

Examination of past and cross-cultural weight ideals (as demonstrated by old paintings and other art forms, for example) indicates that the weight considered ideal by society:

fluctuates over time

Susan, who described her experience of anorexia on the "Abnormal Psychology Live" CD for Chapter 8, said that as soon as she eats, she:

gains weight

Sleep studies suggest that 2 out of 5 Americans:

get less than 7 hours of sleep a night

Individuals suffering from primary insomnia:

have difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep

One biological factor that has been related to individuals who experience insomnia is:

higher body temperature

The males most likely to develop an eating disorder such as bulimia are those who are:

homosexual

Which of the following conditions is thought to be a potential explanation for UFO experiences?

hypnagogic hallucinations

Over the past thirty years, most Western countries have experienced a dramatic:

increase in the incidence of anorexia and bulimia

When considering all the factors that influence the development of eating disorders, e.g., anorexia and bulimia, it is apparent that the .... is unique when compared to factors that affect the development of other psychological disorders.

influence of society and culture

The core diagnostic factor in anorexia is:

intentional weight loss reaching 15% or less of expected body weight

Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by:

interruption of air flow without cessation of respiratory activity

Fred has been having a great deal of trouble initiating and maintaining sleep. He guesses that he is sleeping for an average of about 3 hours each night and complains that he feels terrible during the day. In addition, Fred has always experienced some anxiety but has recently felt a tremendous increase in his overall anxiety level. The existence of both a sleep disorder and anxiety:

is extremely common since sleep problems can be both a cause and a result of anxiety

Binge-eating disorder is characterized by:

lack of compensatory behaviors

Surgical treatments are likely to be the:

last line of treatment for the very obese

Samantha started having difficulty falling asleep during final exam week. Although exams are over, she now starts to worry about sleep right after dinner. Even the sight of her bed makes her very anxious. The fact that Samantha's insomnia continues long after the stress of exams is over points to the role of .... in the maintenance of sleep disorders.

learning

Jill has been in treatment for anorexia for the past two months. Over this time she has gained weight to the point where her weight is in the average range for a woman of her height. The fact that she gained weight fairly quickly in treatment means:

little in terms of how likely she is to be successful in the long-term

When women are asked to identify the most attractive female body weight, they typically identify a weight that is:

lower than the weight identified by men

When attempting to "reset the biological clock" of an individual with a circadian rhythm sleep disorder, it is generally easier and more effective to:

make the patient's bedtime later

The intent of taxing the purchase of unhealthy foods would be to:

make unhealthy foods less attractive to consumers

Dietary restraint studies suggest that people who are starved:

may become obsessed with food

The increase in the incidence of eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia has been referred to as a "collision between our culture and our physiology." The most accurate interpretation of this statement is that:

media standards of beauty are increasingly unattainable for the average woman

The most common treatment for insomnia in the United States is:

medication

Two factors that help regulate our natural sleep/wake cycles are:

melatonin and light

While a patient sleeps, a polysomnographic evaluation collects data on all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:

metabolic rate

Bariatric surgery is:

more successful than dieting for the treatment of the very obese

While suddenly and unexpectedly falling asleep during normal waking hours, Sarah experiences vivid hallucinations of being in a horrible car crash. The experience is so realistic that she actually feels physical sensations as if the hallucination were real. Sarah's most likely diagnosis is:

narcolepsy

Rose sleeps about 8 hours each night. She awakens feeling fine and well rested but she tends to fall asleep about 2 or 3 times during the day. We can conclude that:

no disorder exists if this behavior does not bother Rose or interfere in her life

An individual who binges and then fasts for several days would probably be considered a:

non-purging type bulimic

A typical individual with bulimia is likely to be:

normal weight

Which of the following is the most expensive health problem in the U.S.?

obesity

The families of anorexia patients are typically characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

open communication

Weight reduction efforts by girls tend to result in:

overall weight loss

Individuals who feel tired and cranky all day despite falling asleep at a normal hour and awakening at their usual time are most likely suffering from a(n):

parasomnia

Abnormal events such as nightmares, sleep terrors, and sleepwalking that occur during sleep or during the twilight time between sleep and waking are classified as:

parasomnias

Cataplexy as experienced by patients with narcolepsy can be characterized by:

physical collapse

The most comprehensive evaluation of sleep is performed by a(n):

polysomnographic evaluation

Binge-eating disorder is currently seen as a(n):

potential new disorder

The most successful weight loss programs are:

professionally directed behavior modification programs

Extreme sleep deprivation can result in:

psychosis in people with psychological problems

Sleep disorders are appropriately diagnosed based on the:

quality and quantity of sleep as well as daytime sequelae (how the individual feels when awake)

Most drugs under study as treatments for bulimia target the .... system.

serotonin

Recent research (Eddy et al., 2002) suggests that the restricting and binging/purging subtypes of anorexia:

show few differences in severity of symptoms

Studies of the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral treatment for bulimia have demonstrated:

significant short and long term gains in reduction of binge eating and purging

Sam sleeps for eight or more hours every night but never feels rested. He can't understand why he is always tired despite the fact that he reports no difficulties with the quality or quantity of his sleep. Of the following, Sam's most likely diagnosis is:

sleep apnea

An individual who wakes up feeling that there are other people in the room but is unable to move or say anything may be experiencing:

sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations associated with narcolepsy

An early stage of Mary's cognitive-behavioral treatment for bulimia will likely involve:

small, frequent meals

Individuals with a sleep efficiency of 90:

spend ten percent of their "bed time" awake

The families of anorexia patients are typically characterized as:

successful and perfectionistic

Medical treatments for severe sleep apnea include medication, mechanical devices and:

surgery

One major problem with the use of medication in the treatment of bulimia is that:

the beneficial effects of the medication may be short-term

Some of the most convincing evidence that helps to explain the observed increase in the incidence of anorexia and bulimia over the past thirty years is:

the decrease in the weight of both Miss America contestants and Playboy centerfold models

Which of the following might help to explain the vast differences in the incidence of eating disorders among men and women?

the fact that puberty brings boys' bodies closer to the societal ideal and girls' bodies further from the societal ideal

In studies of internet-based eating disorders prevention programs (Winzelberg et al., 2000) such as the "student bodies program":

the participants showed no beneficial effects

Seriously obese adolescents are most likely to lose weight with:

the use of behavioral treatments

The reason that antidepressant medications are sometimes used to treat narcolepsy is that:

these medications suppress REM sleep that can trigger cataplexy

Research suggests that Playboy centerfolds and Miss America contestants have become significantly .... over the years:

thinner

One approach to successfully reducing the frequency of sleep terrors has been to:

use scheduled awakenings to briefly awaken the child before an attack occurs

The most important and immediate goal in the treatment of an anorexic patient is:

weight gain

Jody sometimes eats more than just about any other girl that you know. You wonder if her eating sometimes could be considered bingeing. In order to determine this, you would have to know:

whether eating gets to be out of her control

In which of the following situations is Bill, who has narcolepsy, most likely to experience cataplexy?

while jumping up and cheering for his favorite team

The typical profile of a patient with either anorexia or bulimia is:

young, white, female, upper socioeconomic status, socially competitive environment

The age range for the onset for bulimia and anorexia is typically:

13 to 19

When individuals with anorexia are evaluated over long periods of time, it has been found that the percentage of individuals who die as a result of their disorder is:

20%

When men are asked to identify the ideal male body, they typically select a body weight that is about:

28 pounds more muscular than their own

As of the year 2000, the percentage of the adult population of the United States with a body mass index in the obese range was:

30%

The approximate percentage of bulimia patients who do not purge is:

30%

The percentage of the general population that reports some symptoms of insomnia during any given year is approximately:

33%

Young girls are concerned about body weight as early as .... years old, and 20% are trying to lose weight by age .....

3;9

According to the presentation regarding the stages of sleep on the "Abnormal Psychology Live" CD for Chapter 8, deepest sleep occurs in stage .....

4

Average weight loss on diet programs such as Atkins, and Weight Watchers is:

4-7 pounds

Approximately .... percent of anorexia deaths are due to suicide.

50%

The emerging consensus is that genetic markers account for about .... of the equation among causes of anorexia and bulimia.

50%

Lack of adequate sleep has a negative effect on:

A. health B. productivity C. clarity of thought D. all of these choices

Mothers of anorexic girls tend to be:

A. perfectionists B. dieting themselves C. worried about social messages D. all of the above

Benzodiazepine medication is not recommended as a long-term solution for the treatment of insomnia because of:

A. the addictive properties of these medications B. rebound insomnia that occurs after the medication is discontinued C. excessive sleepiness that may persist during the day D. all of these

Which of the following minority populations tends to have the least body dissatisfaction and weight concerns?

African Americans

Which of the teenage girls described below is at greatest risk for developing an eating disorder?

Alice is currently on a diet; her friends also diet aggressively.

Which of the following young women appears to be at the highest risk for developing an eating disorder?

Bonnie, whose family is perfectionistic, successful and eager to maintain harmony

The death rate (including suicide) due to eating disorders is:

C. higher than that of most psychological disorders

One intriguing result from the studies comparing cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT) for bulimia is the finding that:

CBT is more effective in the short term, but IPT patients "catch up" and will do as well as CBT patients one year after treatment

A comparison of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), behavior therapy (BT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT) for the treatment of bulimia indicates that oneyearaftertreatment:

CBT was equivalent to IPT and both were superior to BT

Which of the following statements is true with regard to the treatment of binge eating disorder?

Cognitive-behavioral therapy and self-help appear to be effective.

Studies suggest that young white males would often prefer to be .... than they are.

Heavier

Which of the following statements is true with regard to drug treatments for patients with anorexia?

Medications have not generally been found to be effective for the treatment of anorexia

In regard to treatment for eating disorders, Prozac is considered to be an effective treatment for:

Neither anorexia or bulimia

Sleep research suggests that:

REM sleep is related to depression

The chief motivating factor in both anorexia and bulimia is:

An overwhelming urge to be thin

With regard to drug treatments for bulimia patients, which of the following statements is true?

Antidepressants have some effectiveness in the treatment of bulimia.

Obesity is the major factor in:

Type 2 diabetes

Eating disorders are most prevalent in:

Western cultures where food is plentiful