Chapter 8 From the Great Crash to Wounded Knee

The Bureau of Indian Affairs' relocation programs prioritized which of the following factors in its decisions about which cities would become home to members of particular tribes?

A city's distance from the specific tribe's reservation

According to Ignatia Broker, what made it possible for her and her peers to survive during the war year in the Twin Cities?

A communal ethic of sharing

Which of the following directly influenced Indians' political activism in the United States in the decades after World War II?

Anticolonial movements in Asia and Africa

How did U.S. involvement in Vietnam impact the coverage of the siege at Wounded Knee?

Coverage tended toward a war correspondent approach that focused on the violence at Wounded Knee, rather than the underlying causes and root issues of the siege.

The Indian New Deal, masterminded by John Collier, sought to reverse which of these earlier approaches to Indian policy?

Detribalization

Through which of the following strategies did many Indians who remained in cities in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s succeed in making their lives bearable?

Establishing new Indian communities and support networks

The evidence presented in this image of four soldiers raising the American flag on the island of Iwo Jima supports which of the following conclusions?

Ethnic distinctions were not salient for American soldiers on the battlefield.

Refer to the image Wounded Knee Settlement This image of AIM leaders and U.S. officials signing an agreement to end AIM's siege at Wounded Knee offers evidence to support which of the following conclusions?

Indian activists who participated in the siege at Wounded Knee adopted elements of Native dress and life ways.

Collier's explanation for some tribes' rejection of the IRA rests on which of the following assumptions?

Indians had no legitimate reasons of their own for opposing the IRA.

In which of the following ways did U.S. Indian policies change substantially in the years after Franklin Roosevelt became president?

Indians took on increasing responsibility for developing and implementing policies.

Refer to the image Iroquois Declare War on the Axis Powers on the Steps of the U.S. Capitol, June 1942 This photograph of Iroquois leaders declaring war on the Axis Powers in Washington, D.C., in June 1942 depicts an event that was intended to emphasize

Iroquois Indians' autonomy.

Which of the following was a major weakness of the Indian New Deal?

It made few allowances for the tremendous diversity among Indian people in the U.S.

The U.S. government's relocation program, launched in 1952, operated in which of the following ways?

It offered incentives and assistance to Indians interested in relocating to cities.

According to McNickle, the Indian Reorganization Act's loan program differed from earlier Indian loan programs in which of the following ways?

It required borrowers to have a comprehensive business plan in place.

Refer to the image Navajo Code Talkers, December 1943 The evidence presented in this photograph of Navajo Code Talkers supports which of the following conclusions?

Navajo Indian soldiers' life experiences allowed them to make unique contributions to the war effort.

Franklin Roosevelt's Commissioner of Indian Affairs, John Collier, learned about American Indian culture in which of the following contexts?

New Mexico's Taos Pueblo

In the post-World War II era, Indians' political actions in the United States consisted primarily of which of the following?

Pan-Indian organizing

For which of the following reasons did the number of Indian students at boarding schools increase dramatically during the Great Depression?

Parents wanted to protect their children from the increasing poverty on the reservation.

According to the examples McNickle provides in his report on the impact of the IRA, the legislation is valuable and important because it has promoted which of the following?

Successful entrepreneurship

The information presented in this Bureau of Indian Affairs leaflet promoting relocation to Denver supports which of the following conclusions?

The BIA used symbols of the American Dream to entice Indians from reservations to cities.

Which of the following postwar developments heightened white Americans' suspicions about Native Americans and their communal ways of life?

The Cold War

AIM's specific actions during the siege at Wounded Knee reflected Indians' long held bitterness over which of the following events?

The United States' breach of the Treaty of Ft. Laramie

What motivated John Collier and other American intellectuals to visit and learn about Indian communities in the 1920s?

Their disaffection with Western "civilization" after World War I

Why, according to Mary Crow Dog's A Woman's View from Wounded Knee, did she and the AIM activists decide not to occupy the administrative center of the Pine Ridge reservation?

They did not want to be killed by the federal marshals stationed there.

Why did so many young Indian activists turn away from their parents' generation's efforts to bring about change for Native Americans?

They were frustrated by the slow pace of change.

Refer to the image Flag Raising at Iwo Jima Why, according to the text of the Picture Essay, did the government and media highlight the fact that the Indian soldier Ira Hayes was a part of this iconic moment at Iwo Jima?

To demonstrate that Americans of all backgrounds were united in the war effort

The five photographs included in this Picture Essay were created for which of the following purposes?

To document World War II and Indians' contributions to the war effort

An employee of the Office of Indian Affairs, D'Arcy McNickle, wrote Four Years of Indian Reorganization for which of the following purposes?

To promote the Indian Reorganization Act as legislation that benefited Indians

Refer to the image Banning the Swastika For which of the following reasons, according to the Picture Essay, did the Navajos shown in this image hold an event to ban the swastika?

To show that their long use of the symbol did not indicate support for Nazism

In the end, the siege at Wounded Knee was important because it achieved what?

Visibility for Native American people and their grievances

Franklin D. Roosevelt's ascension to the presidency in 1932 initiated many changes in American society and in U.S. policies toward Indians, but after 1932, the underlying goal of U.S. Indian policy continued to be

assimilation.

During the Cold War, the United States claimed to be the defender of freedom, justice, and self-determination around the world. Indian political activists responded to this claim by

calling out American hypocrisy and demanding these rights for themselves.

Mary Crow Dog's account of her experience at Wounded Knee describes a process through which the young Indian participants became

more strongly identified with their history.

The growth and power of the American Indian Movement led to increasing tensions among

older Indian leaders and young Indian activists.

American Indian Movement (AIM) presented its Twenty Points document to the federal government in 1972, making all of the following demands, except

payment of reparations to all Indian tribes whose land the U.S. had appropriated.

According to McNickle, the Indian Reorganization Act was similar to previous Indian policies because it

provided government loans to tribes.

Which of the following experiences contributed to the solidification of pan-Indian identity among Indians in the postwar decades?

relocation

Refer to the image Banning the Swastika The staging of the event depicted in this photograph suggests that the Navajos understood it as important for

the tribe's public relations.

According to Collier, Indians who voted to reject the Indian Reorganization Act did so because

they had been defrauded by whites who did not want to compete with Indian tribes.