Chapter 8

Functions of the hypothalamus include all of the following, EXCEPT: Subconscious control of skeletal muscle contractions associated with strong emotion Adjusts pons and medulla functions Coordinates the nervous and endocrine systems Produces "drives" of thirst and hunger Coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions Regulates body temperature Adjusts postural muscles to maintain balance and equilibrium

Adjusts postural muscles to maintain balance and equilibrium

microglia

Are phagocytic cells derived from white blood cells

Which of the following is abnormal in the adult? flexor reflex plantar reflex withdrawal reflex knee-jerk reflex Babinski sign

Babinski sign

The branching structures that, together with the cell body, are sensitive to chemical, mechanical, or electrical stimulation are called neurofibrils. dendrites. Nissl bodies. axons. synapses.

dendrites

Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in depolarization. repolarization. increased negative charge inside the membrane. hyperpolarization. myelination.

depolarization

The ________ acts as a switching and relay center for integration of conscious and unconscious sensory information and motor commands. midbrain cerebellum diencephalon pons medulla

diencephalon

vestibulocochlear

ear

Which neuroglial cells produce CSF in some regions of the brain? oligodendrocytes ependymal cells Schwann cells astrocytes microglia

ependymal cells

When norepinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors on the heart, the response is

excitatory

Which of the following is the most sensitive body region? face feet chest back legs

face

Which of the following characteristics apply to the ANS?

Controls cardiac muscle. Controls glandular secretions. Consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

oligodendrocytes

Cover CNS axons with myelin

Schwann Cells

Cover every axon outside the CNS

___________ are clinically important regions of the body surface because damage of a spinal nerve produces a characteristic loss of sensation in the corresponding region of skin.

Dermatomes

Which statement is true regarding action potential propagation? The action potential will die out along the axon if another graded potential does not occur. All voltage-gated channels along the axon open at the same time, allowing sodium to flow in simultaneously. The active transport of sodium and potassium through sodium-potassium ion pumps causes depolarization of the axon membrane. Continuous propagation results in one graded potential producing multiple action potentials. In salutatory conduction, the myelin is composed of fat, which insulates the axon membrane against sodium ion flow across the membrane.

In salutatory conduction, the myelin is composed of fat, which insulates the axon membrane against sodium ion flow across the membrane.

Motor innervation of the muscles of facial expression is transmitted through which cranial nerve? XI VI V X VII

VII

Which of the following neurotransmitters usually depolarizes postsynaptic neurons? dopamine acetylcholine monoamine oxidase serotonin GABA

acetylcholine

Most postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division are

adrenergic

Lateral gray horns are visceral motor nuclei found the spinal cord that control

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Ascending pathways provide subconscious involuntary control of muscle tone. carry sensory information from the brain. carry sensory information to the brain. carry motor information to the brain. carry motor information from the brain.

carry sensory information to the brain.

The brain and spinal cord comprise the peripheral nervous system. afferent nervous system. central nervous system. efferent nervous system. autonomic nervous system.

central nervous system

The part of the CNS that adjusts voluntary and involuntary motor activities on the basis of sensory information and stored memory of previous movements is the diencephalon. cerebellum. thalamus. midbrain. medulla oblongata.

cerebellum

The ventricles in the brain are filled with

cerebrospinal fluid

The region of the brain that is involved in conscious thought and intellectual function as well as processing somatic sensory and motor information is the medulla. cerebrum. pons. midbrain. cerebellum.

cerebrum

The region of the brain that is involved in conscious thought and intellectual function as well as processing somatic sensory and motor information is the

cerebrum.

Acetylcholine binds to

cholinergic receptors

Nissl bodies

clusters of rough ER and free ribosomes

A mixed nerve goes to many body parts. always originates in a plexus. carries both somatic and autonomic impulses. contains both sensory and motor neurons. originates in different areas of the br

contains both sensory and motor neurons

The spinal pathway(s) that carries/carry information regulating skeletal muscle tone is/are the posterior column. spinothalamic pathway. spinocerebellar pathway. medial and lateral pathways. corticospinal pathway.

medial and lateral pathways

A major center concerned with autonomic function, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration is the pons. cerebellum. midbrain. medulla oblongata. diencephalon.

medulla oblongata

Small phagocytic glial cells, which are derived from white blood cells, are called microglia. oligodendrocytes. Schwann cells. astrocytes. ependymal cells.

microglia

glossopharyngeal

monitors blood pressure, pH, O2 and CO2 concentrations

Neurons that have two or more dendrites and a single axon extending away from the cell body are called multipolar. unipolar. tripolar. bipolar. polypolar.

multipolar

All the motor neurons that control skeletal muscles are

multipolar neurons

Saltatory propagation occurs faster than continuous propagation due to

myelinated axons

dopamine

neurotransmitter

Adrenergic synapses release the neurotransmitter serotonin. norepinephrine. acetylcholine. dopamine. GABA.

norepinephrine

The area of sensory cortex devoted to a body region is relative to the distance of the body region from the brain. size of the body region. size of the nerves that serve the region of the body. number of sensory receptors in the region of the body. number of motor units in the region of the body.

number of sensory receptors in the region of the body

The only cranial nerve that is attached to the cerebrum is the trochlear. oculomotor. vestibulocochlear. olfactory. optic.

olfactory

The myelin sheaths that surround the axons of some of the neurons in the CNS are formed by Schwann cells. oligodendrocytes. astrocytes. microglia. ependymal cells.

oligodendrocytes

accessory

palate, pharynx, larynx, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm? obturator phrenic saphenous axillary musculocutaneous

phrenic

The ________ is the layer of the meninges that is in direct contact with the surface of the brain. pia mater epidural space subarachnoid space arachnoid dura mater

pia mater

Which of the following performs such abstract intellectual function as predicting the future consequences of events or actions? pons hippocampus basal ganglia prefrontal cortex thalamus

prefrontal cortex

neuroglia

provide(s) a supporting framework for neural tissue

dendrites

receive incoming signals

optic

retina of eye

Which of these functions is NOT affected by parasympathetic stimulation? secretion of sweat secretion of insulin from the pancreas secretion of thin, watery, saliva secretion of digestive glands

secretion of sweat

The resting potential of a neuron is -70 mV. +70 mV. +10 mV. -10 mV. 0 mV.

-70 mV.

Depolarization of a neuron plasma membrane will shift the membrane potential toward

0 mV

oculomotor

3 out of 4 rectus muscles of the eye

Identify the correct sequence of steps in the generation of an action potential. 1. Activation of sodium channels and rapid depolarization 2. Inactivation of sodium channels and activation of potassium channels 3. Depolarization to threshold 4. Closing of potassium channels

3, 1, 2, 4

Which of the following is the correct order of events that occur at a cholinergic synapse? 1. Extracellular calcium enters the axon terminal, triggering the exocytosis of acetylcholine. 2. Acetylcholine is removed by acetylcholinesterase. 3. Acetylcholine binds to receptors and depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane. 4. Axon terminal depolarizes.

4, 1, 3, 2

Given these parts of a reflex arc: 1. afferent neuron 2. interneuron 3. effector cell 4. efferent neuron 5. sensory receptor Choose the correct order an action potential travels through them from a stimulus to the resulting action.

5,1,2,4,3

The all-or-none principle states that all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials. the greater the magnitude of the stimuli, the greater the intensity of the action potential. only sensory stimuli can activate action potentials. only motor stimuli can activate action potentials. all stimuli will produce identical action potentials.

all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials

Diffusion across which structure(s) returns excess CSF to venous circulation? dural sinuses third ventricle cerebral aqueduct lateral ventricle arachnoid granulations

arachnoid granulations

During an EEG, alpha waves are observed in many pathological conditions. are observed in children and frustrated adults. typically accompany intense concentration. occur in deep sleep. are characteristic of normal resting adults.

are characteristic of normal resting adults

Monosynaptic reflexes are among the most complex reflex arcs. involve two or more sequential synapses. do not control stereotyped responses of the nervous system. usually control slow motor responses. are exemplified by the stretch reflex.

are exemplified by the stretch reflex

Interneurons are found only in the central nervous system. only connect motor neurons to other motor neurons. are found between neurons and their effectors. carry only motor impulses. carry only sensory impulses.

are found only in the central nervous system

You have been diagnosed with the demyelinating disease called multiple sclerosis. The areas of damage seem to be centered within the spinal cord. The demyelinated areas are most probably within the dorsal or ventral horns. dorsal root ganglia. ascending and/or descending tracts. gray commissure. central canal.

ascending and/or descending tracts.

Regions of the brain that are involved in interpreting data or coordinating motor responses are association areas. sensory areas. commissural areas. motor areas. processing areas.

association areas

The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the astrocytes. microglia. oligodendrocytes. ependymal cells. Schwann cells.

astrocytes

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving both preganglionic and postganglionic innervation. nerves from both the brain and the spinal cord. two nerves from the spinal cord. both autonomic and somatic motor nerves. both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.

both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

As a result of a severe concussion from a car accident, you have a terrible problem with both retaining new information and recalling old information. The injury affected the inferior colliculi. superior colliculi. basal ganglia. mammillary bodies. hippocampus.

hippocampus

A stimulus that opens gated potassium ion channels, moving the membrane voltage value below the resting potential value, results in which of the following? summation refraction repolarization hyperpolarization depolarization

hyperpolarization

The sympathetic division

increases the metabolic rate increases awareness and prepares the body to deal with emergencies.

Saltatory conduction occurs only if the myelin sheath is continuous. occurs only if nodes of Ranvier are lacking. produces a stronger action potential. is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated axon. occurs at the synapse.

is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated axon

Another name for the patellar reflex is the ankle-jerk reflex. knee-jerk reflex. spinal short reflex. long spinal reflex. dorsiflexion reflex.

knee-jerk reflex

astrocytes

largest and most numerous type of glial cells

abducens

lateral rectus muscle of eye

Establishment of emotional states and related behavioral drives are function of the

limbic system

The ________ establishes emotional states. basal nuclei cerebellum limbic system pons midbrain

limbic system

Which of the following is a function of the efferent division of the nervous system? sending signals to muscles providing sensation of the internal and external environments coordinating voluntary and involuntary activities regulating or controlling peripheral structures and systems integrating sensory information

sending signals to muscles

olfactory

sense of smell

The effector organs for the somatic motor nervous system are

skeletal muscle

trochlear

superior oblique muscle of eye

Regulation by the nervous system provides

swift but brief responses to stimuli

Which of the following fibers usually release norepinephrine (NE)? parasympathetic postganglionic parasympathetic preganglionic sympathetic postganglionic sympathetic preganglionic somatic

sympathetic postganglionic

facial

taste receptors, lacrimal gland, sublingual glands

trigeminal

teeth, muscles of mastication, eyelids, lips, cheek

Which structures are related to Parkinson's disease? the thalamus and pineal gland the reticular formation and limbic system the hippocampus and amygdala the basal nuclei and the midbrain the hypothalamus and thalamus

the basal nuclei and the midbrain

Head injuries that damage cerebral blood vessels are serious conditions because the venous sinus will not drain. epicardial tissue will be affected. they could cause severe pain. the blood could compress and distort the relatively soft tissues of the brain. pathways will be blocked.

the blood could compress and distort the relatively soft tissues of the brain.

vagus

thoracic and abdominal organs

hypoglossal

tongue muscles

Damage to the ________ nerve, which is vital for the autonomic control of visceral function, could result in death. glossopharyngeal facial vagus hypoglossal abducens

vagus

Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the splanchnic nerves. pelvic nerves. oculomotor nerve. collateral nerve. vagus nerve.

vagus nerve

Motor components that control the skeletal muscles of the pharynx and esophagus are located in the

vagus nerve

Most neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains why neurons grow such long axons. why such neurons cannot divide through mitosis. the conducting ability of neurons. the ability of neurons to communicate with each other. the longevity of neurons.

why such neurons cannot divide through mitosis

Pulling away from a painful stimulus is an example of a(n) ________ reflex.

withdrawal

Pulling away from a painful stimulus is an example of a(n) ________ reflex. cross-extensor withdrawal ankle-jerk knee-jerk pupillary

withdrawal