Chapter 8: Memory

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elaborative rehearsal

a technique in which you think about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

short-term memory

a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory

proactive interference

old information hinders the recall of newly learned information

false memory syndrome

recall of false autobiographical memories

retrieval

the act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness

sematic encoding

words and their meaning

recall

accessing information without cues

flashbulb memory

an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event

prefrontal cortex

appears to be involved in remembering semantic tasks

hippocampus

associated with declarative and episodic memory as well as recognition memory

blocking

cannot access stored information

anterograde amnesia

cannot remember new information, although you can remember information and events that happened prior to your injury

suggestibility

describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories

automatic processing

encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words

effortful processing

encoding that requires much work and attention

bias

feelings and view of the world distort your memory of past events; stereotypical, egocentric, and hindsight

misattribution

happens when you confuse the source of your information

misinformation effect paradigm

holds that after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event

recognition

identifying information that you have previously learned after encountering it again

equipotentiality hypothesis

if part of one are of the brain involved in memory is damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function

visual encoding

images

episodic memory

information about events we have personally experienced

retroactive inference

information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information

amygdala

involved in fear and fear memories

semantic memory

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

absentmindedness

lapses in memory caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else

relearning

learning information that you previously learned

forgetting

loss of information from long-term memory

retrograde amnesia

loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma

transience

memories can fade over time

implicit memories

memories that are not part of our consciousness

explicit memories

memories we consciously try to remember and recall

mnemonic devices

memory aids that help us organize information for encoding

cerebellum

plays a role in processing procedural memories, such as how to play the piano

acoustic encoding

sounds

sensory memory

storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes

arousal theory

strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories

rehearsal

the conscious repetition of information to be remembered; memory consolidation

long-term memory

the continuous storage of information

storage

the creation of a permanent record of information

construction

the formulation of new memories

engram

the group of neurons that serve as the "physical representation of memory"

encoding

the input of information into the memory system

amnesia

the loss of long-term memory that occurs as a result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma

reconstruction

the process of bringing up old memories; vulnerable to distortions

memory

the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time

declarative memory

the storage of facts and events we personally experienced

self-reference effect

the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in companies to material that has less personal relevance

procedural memory

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

7, 20, 9

typically you are able to keep __ things in your memory for that __ seconds, but really you can keep __

persistence

when you keep remembering something, to the point where you can't "get it out of your head" and it interferes with your ability to concentrate on other things

chunking

you organize information into manageable bits or groups


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