Chapter 8- memory

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? a. automatic processing b. effortful processing c. memory d. sensory encoding

c. memory

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory? a. If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful. b. Overlearning can help prevent storage decay. c. Aerobic exercise promotes neurogenesis. d. In order to remember information, you should build a web of retrieval cues to help you access material when you want to remember it.

a. If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

From a cognitive psychology perspective, why is getting plenty of sleep the night before an exam important? a. It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory. b. It makes sure that your neurons are firing at peak speed and efficiency. c. It decreases the likelihood of experiencing transience of memories. d. A good night of sleep inhibits the experience of retroactive interference.

a. It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory.

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report? a. explicit memories b. sensory memories c. implicit memories d. short-term memories

a. explicit memories

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. a. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory b. sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it c. immediately applying new information to a practical problem d. organizing information into manageable bits or chunks

a. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Recent research conducted by Cowan (2010) has found that the capacity of working memory is how many units of information? a. 4 plus or minus 1 b. 9 plus or minus 3 c. 7 plus or minus 2 d. 3 plus or minus 2

a. 4 plus or minus 1

Terrance finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding. a. acoustic b. visual c. sensory d. semantic

a. acoustic

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house? a. hippocampus b. amygdala c. prefrontal cortex d. cerebellum

a. hippocampus

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________. a. misinformation effect paradigm b. levels of processing theory c. Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm d. equipotentiality hypothesis

a. misinformation effect paradigm

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, because you are comparing the information in front of you to that which is already stored in your long-term memory. a. recognition b. transience c. the Stroop effect d. recall

a. recognition

Which of the following is a good example of the use of a mnemonic? a. remembering the names of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES b. thinking about a bike you plan to buy and having the image of the bike appear in your mind c. being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics d. dreaming about an airport and deciding to take a trip

a. remembering the names of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES

Katya studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary she can't; instead she can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference. a. retroactive b. anterograde c. proactive d. retrograde

a. retroactive

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________, or the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false a. suggestibility b. decay c. transience d. recognition

a. suggestibility

What was the overall result of Lashley's research that sought out the engram of human memory? a. He observed that the engram exists in childhood but disappears when it is no longer needed. b. He found no evidence that an engram actual exists. c. He located the engram across the structures of the limbic system. d. He identified an engram in the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex.

b. He found no evidence that an engram actual exists.

What is an engram? a. emotional focus of a memory from a particularly meaningful event b. a group of neurons that serves as physical representation of a memory c. mental trauma that creates a distorted memory that is full of errors d. sensory component of a memory that can be retained for several moments

b. a group of neurons that serves as physical representation of a memory

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged? a. areas near the hippocampus would decay, followed by a cascading failure of the brain leading to death b. another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus c. people would lose their ability to feel fear d. people would become comatose

b. another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

What is episodic memory? a. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts b. information about events we have personally experienced c. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things d. storage of facts and events we have personally experienced

b. information about events we have personally experienced

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? a. Explicit memories are memories we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember. b. Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. c. Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. d. Implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

b. Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

The famous case of H.M. demonstrated ________ amnesia, a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones. a. retrograde b. anterograde c. proactive d. retroactive

b. anterograde

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory. a. emotion b. arousal c. equipotentiality d. flashbulb

b. arousal

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? a. amygdala b. cerebellum c. primary cortex d. hippocampus

b. cerebellum

Barney used to live in Pittsburgh, and his telephone number started with the area code 412. Now he has moved to Baltimore, and his new telephone number has an area code of 410. Barney remembers his new area code by connecting it to the old one and just "subtracting two." This is an example of ________ rehearsal. a. mnemonic b. elaborative c. maintenance d. massed

b. elaborative

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. Because I am actively and consciously remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________ memory. a. episodic b. explicit c. implicit d. procedural

b. explicit

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________. a. hyperthymesia b. rehearsal c. declarative memory d. relearning

b. rehearsal

You see a television commercial for a product you may want to buy, and there is a telephone number you must call to place an order. Because you don't have anything with which to write down the number, you repeat it to yourself over and over again until you feel like you won't forget it. This process is called ________. a. distributed practice b. rehearsal c. chunking d. the method of loci

b. rehearsal

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system. a. an engram b. relearning c. recall d. recognition

b. relearning

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________. a. encoding b. retrieval c. storage d. hyperthymesia

b. retrieval

Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states? a. memorize five states at a time—group the information into a more manageable size b. sing the names of the 50 states to the tune of "Happy Birthday" c. stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study d. think of something you might do in each state if you were on a vacation in that state

c. stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

Ebbinghaus found that about one day after you learn new material, you will only remember ____ percent of it if you have not reviewed it a second time. a. 50 b. 70 c. 30 d. 90

c. 30

Within the semantic network model of memory, what would happen to concepts that are related to (or attached) to one that is currently being activated by thinking about it? a. They would undergo a structural change. b. They would be inhibited from being activation. c. They would also be activated, though at a lower level. d. They'd be activated more strongly than the concept first activated.

c. They would also be activated, though at a lower level.

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. a. persistence b. elaborative rehearsal c. chunking d. a mnemonic device

c. chunking

Amarah has an exam in a week, so she schedules 30 to 60 minutes each night to review her course material. She does this rather than waiting until the night before the exam so that she can avoid a "cram session." Amarah's approach to studying is called ________ practice. a. chunked b. massed c. distributed d. proactive

c. distributed

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia. a. graduated b. anterograde c. retrograde d. flashbulb

c. retrograde

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________. a. information; misinformation b. equipotentiality; amnesia c. coding; recoding d. construction; reconstruction

d. construction; reconstruction

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using? a. hippocampus b. prefrontal cortex c. cerebellum d. amygdala

d. amygdala

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias. a. transient b. stereotypical c. egocentric d. hindsight

d. hindsight

Your memory of how to ride a bicycle is probably something that you don't actively think about while you're riding. You just sort of "do it" without thinking of how you do it. This is an example of a(n) ________ memory. a. sensory b. explicit c. semantic d. implicit

d. implicit

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ a. visual b. acoustic c. sensory d. semantic

d. semantic

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes? a. recall b. procedural c. effortful d. sensory

d. sensory

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device? a. using a biofeedback machine to track your alpha waves during an exam b. dividing your telephone number into groups of numbers to remember it easier c. drinking coffee when you study for your math exam, then drinking coffee at your exam to reproduce the mental state you had when you studied d. using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

d. using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes