Chapter 8: skeletal system: Axial and Appendicular

Compare and contrast the anatomy of male and female pelves

female's are larger and wider than males, male iliac crests are higher than females. the subpubic angle is >90 degrees = female

Describe the features found on all ribs

head, neck and body

Identify and locate the clavicle and its landmarks

is a long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum or breastbone. -Sternal end -acromial end -conoid tubercle -costal tuberosity

Explain how the radius, ulna, and humerus articulate

the humerus articulates with the radius and ulna to form the elbow joint. Humerus: The humerus attaches proximally to the scapula (shoulderblade) at the humeral head and distally with the radiusand ulna (lower-arm bones) at the trochlea and capitulum, respectively.

Describe the phalanges and their relative locations

(14 total)The thumb has only distal and proximalfingers 2-5 have three phalanges, proximal, intermediate, and distal

Locate and identify the carpals and metacarpals

(8 total) Scaphoid lunate triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate

Identify the parts of a typical vertebra

a vertebral arch, and seven processes. Each lamina forms part of the posterior roof of the vertebral arch. The large opening between the vertebral arch and body is the vertebral foramen, which contains the spinal cord.

Describe the phalanges and their relative locations

The thumb has only distal and proximalfingers 2-5 have three phalanges, proximal, intermediate, and distal

Learn key bone markings and features of each of the bones of the cranium

https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/7-2-bone-markings/

Identify the locations of cranial and facial bones in various views of the skull

https://quizlet.com/113889453/ap-skull-cranial-and-facial-bones-flash-cards/

Become familiar with terminology for common bone markings

https://quizlet.com/72530919/common-bone-markings-flash-cards/

List landmarks and features of the humerus

-Head (articulates with scapula, round top part)-anatomical neck (connects the tubercles, short in width and nondescript) -surgical neck (runs from the tubercles to the shaft) -greater tubercle (located laterally on the humerus. It has an anterior and posterior face) -lesser tubercle (much smaller, and more medially located on the bone) -intertubercular sulcus (Separating the two tubercles is a deep depression) -deltoid tuberosity ( lateral side of the humeral shaft is a roughened surface where the deltoid muscle attaches) -medial epicondyle (can be palpated at the elbow, as it is much larger than lateral) -lateral epicondyle (Immediately distal to the supraepicondylar ridges) -trochlea(articulates with the ulna. It is located medially, and extends onto the posterior of the bone) -capitulum (articulates with the radius) -radial fossa, coronoid fossa, olecranon fossa (help movement of the forearm bones at the elbow)

Identify key landmarks and features of the femur

-head -neck -greater trochanter -lesser trochanter -intertrochanteric line (front) -intertrochanteric crest (back) -linea aspera-medial condyle (on head side) -lateral condyle (lateral to medial condyle) -intercondylar fossa -lateral epicondyle -medial epicondyle

Compare and contrast the locations and contents of three cranial fossae

Anterior Cranial Fossa-Sits above eyes, floor of frontal lobes of brain Middle Cranial Fossa- Supports Temporal lobes, Foramina, Sella turcica- houses pituitary in hypophysial fossa Posterior Cranial Fossa- Supports cerebellum and Foramen Magnum

Compare and contrast the features of the radius and the ulna

Both have styloid processes at the distal end, and are attachment sites for muscles. Radius is smaller than ulna. Radius=lateral /Ulna=medial *both have heads (radius head is at the top/ ulna at bottom)both have interosseous border between them

List the five types of vertebrae

Cervical spine,Thoracic spine,Lumbar spine, Sacrum, Coccyx

Compare and contrast the different types of vertebrae

Cervical spine: 7 vertebrae (C1-C7) Thoracic spine: 12 vertebrae (T1-T12) Lumbar spine: 5 vertebrae (L1-L5) Sacrum: 5 (fused) vertebrae (S1-S5) Coccyx: 4 (3-5) (fused) vertebrae (Tailbone)

Name the bones that make up each coxae

Ilium, Ischium, Pubis

Describe the articulations of the humerus

Proximally- the head of the humerus articulates with the scapula and clavicle forming the shoulder joint.Distally- the trochlea of the humerus articulates with the radius and the capitulum of the humerus articulates with the ulna, forming the elbow joint.

Compare and contrast the functions and composition of the axial and appendicular skeletons

The axial skeleton makes up our central axis and consists of the following bones: skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum. The appendicular skeleton consists of the limbs and girdles. The girdles are the attachment points for the limbs.

Compare and contrast the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet

The boundaries of the pelvic outlet are: the pubic symphysis, right and left rami of the pubic arch, the ischial tuberosities, the sacrotuberous ligaments (described below) and the tip of the coccyx.is a planar surface which defines the boundary between the pelvic cavity and the abdominal cavity (called lesser pelvis)

Describe the locations of the sutures between the cranial bones

The coronal suture joins the frontal bone to the parietal bones. The sagittal suture joins the two parietal bones to each other. The lambdoid suture joins the parietal bones to the occipital bone. The squamous suture joins the parietal bones to the temporal bones

Describe how the tibia and fibula articulate

The distal fibula articulates with the fibular notch of the tibia

Explain how the function of the tibia differs from that of the fibula

The fibula is the long, thin and lateral bone of the lower leg. The difference in thickness corresponds to the varying roles of the two bones; the tibia bears the body's weight from the knees to the ankles, while the fibula merely functions as a support for the tibia.

Describe the articulations of the femur

The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates with the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia to form the knee joint. The patella bone covers the distal surface of the femur and protects the knee joint from mechanical injury.

Describe the functions of the vertebral column

The major function of the vertebral column is protection of the spinal cord; it also provides stiffening for the body and attachment for the pectoral and pelvic girdles and many muscles. In humans an additional function is to transmit body weight in walking and standing

Describe the location and function of the paranasal sinuses

They are centered on the nasal cavity and have various functions, including lightening the weight of the head, humidifying and heating inhaled air, increasing the resonance of speech, and serving as a crumple zone to protect vital structures in the event of facial trauma.

Describe the features of the tibia and fibula

Tibia: -Medial Condyle -Later Condyle -intercondylar eminence -tibial tuberosity (front) -medial malleolus (ankle, looks like a hook) Fibula: -Head (top) -Lateral Malleolus (bottom)

Differentiate between true ribs and false ribs

True ribs: The first seven ribs attach to the sternum (the breast bone) in the front and are known as true ribs (or sternal ribs). False ribs: The lower five ribs do not directly connect to the sternum and are known as false ribs.

Describe the structure and function of the hyoid bone

U-shaped bone situated at the root of the tongue in the front of the neck and between the lower jaw and the largest cartilage of the larynx, or voice box. The primary function of the hyoid boneis to serve as an attachment structure for the tongue and for muscles in the floor of the oral cavity.

Describe the functional reasons for differences between the upper and lower limb skeletons

Upper: designed for mobility and dexterity relativiely instable but flexible Lower: designed for locomotion & weight-bearing, thus relatively stable but less flexible

Differentiate between supination and pronation of the forear

When your palm or forearm faces up, it's supinated. When your palm or forearmfaces down, it's pronated.

Distinguish between the cranial and the facial bones

Your skull provides structure to your head and face while also protecting your brain. The bones in your skull can be divided into the cranial bones, which form your cranium, and facial bones, which make up your face

Describe how the coxae articulate with the femora and sacrum

acetabulum is a concave area in the pelvis, into which the femoral head fitsthe sacral joint (@ auricular surface) on the inside of the ilium articulates with sacrum

Name the four spinal curvatures of an adult vertebral column

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacrococcygeal curves

Identify the three main components of the sternum and their features

manubrium: most superior portion of the sternum. It is trapezoid in shape. body: flat and elongated - the largest part of the sternum. xiphoid process: most inferior and smallest part of the sternum.

Describe the location and function of the patella

rests between the femur (thighbone) and tibia (shinbone)increases the leverage that the tendon can exert on the femur by increasing the angle at which it acts. attached to the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle, which contracts to extend/straighten the knee

Describe the landmarks and features of the scapula

shoulder blade is the bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). -Acromion (flat part) -coracoid process (hook) -glenoid cavity (where humerus sits) -spine of scapula -Supraspinous fossa -infraspinous fossa-subscapular fossa (anterior) -superior border (top side) -Medial border (side closest to spine) -Lateral border (side farthest from spine) -superior angle (top point)-inferior angle (bottom point)

Identify skeletal features common to the upper and lower limbs

upper, middle, and distal