chapter 8 sociology, chapter 10 sociology, Chapter 11 sociology, chapter 12 sociology, chapter 15 sociology, chapter 16

Gender

A social concept associated with being male or female that is taught to us and continually created by us through interactions with others.

Pluralism

A structural functionalist theoretical perspective that sees the political system as a struggle between competing interest groups for power and control of the decision-making process in which no single group is in control all the time.

Economy

A system of producing and consuming goods and services.

Dictatorship

A type of government in which a leader is able to either overthrow or subvert the existing government and seize absolute power.

Direct Democracy

A type of government in which citizens directly control the entire political process and are actively responsible for making all the decisions of the state.

Representative Democracy

A type of government in which citizens vote to elect a group of representatives who make decisions on behalf of the voters who elected them.

Oligarchy

A type of government in which power is held by a small group of elites.

Monarchy

A type of government in which the state is headed by some sort of individual sovereign who inherited his position on the basis of custom or tradition and will pass the position on to his children.

Plutocracy

A type of oligarchic government in which power is held by the economic elites.

Fascism

An authoritarian system of militaristic nationalism in which the means of production are privately owned but regulated by the state to reinforce social stratification and carry out the goals of the state.

Capitalism

An economic system in which the means of production are privately owned, and economic activity is driven by the pursuit of profit in a competitive market.

Command Economy

An economic system in which the state determines the type, quantity, and price of goods to be produced.

Rational-Legal Domination

Authority based on occupying a legally defined position.

Charismatic Domination

Authority based on the extraordinary personal qualities of a leader and the resulting devotion of his or her followers.

Which situation(s) would be considered a use of legitimate power?

Billy, a police officer in a city, pursues and arrests a threatening criminal. Jaquan, a military officer, kidnaps and interrogates an enemy of the state.

Gender as Social Structure

Emphasizes that gender incorporates socialization, social interactions, and organizational structures and that these are all dimensions of every society's gender structure.

Gender Scripts

Expectations for behavior appropriate for our assigned genders.

Based on the results of a study on gender bias in STEM, we can conclude men tend to favor male applicants over female applicants, while women tend to favor applicants equally regardless of gender.

False

Corinne notices that girls tend to be given dolls while boys tend to be given model cars. She concludes that toys are used to socially construct gender identity. This demonstrates the conflict perspective.

False

Gender socialization is a process that ends once children hit puberty.

False

When Hale gave birth, the doctor held the infant in the air and declared "it's a boy!" The doctor announced the infant's gender.

False

During which stage of economic development did the use of an assembly line begin?

Fordism

Which statement best describes the difference between sex and gender?

Gender is socially constructed, while sex is determined by biology

Which of the following statements about gender and gender roles is true?

Gender roles are commonly assigned tasks or expected behaviors that society considers appropriate for men and women.

Hooking Up

Generally means getting together at the end of an evening for the purposes of an intimate, no-strings-attached encounter.

Democracy

Government by the people.

In this video, Senator Lindsey Graham suggests that the President has the power to use the military to his advantage in order to achieve his political goals. How would Robert Michels characterize the U.S. based on this information?

He would say it is an oligarchy.

Cisgender

Identifying gender consistent with the sex assigned at birth.

Power Elite

Individuals from the corporate, political, and military elite whose decisions have major consequences for society.

Which is a characteristic of Hobbes's state of nature?

Lives of people are often solitary, short, and violent

A person who views gender from a structural functionalist perspective is most likely to agree with which statement?

Men and women play different but complementary roles.

Intersex

Not clearly biologically male or female.

Sexuality

Our emotional and physical attraction to a particular sex.

Which statements about how parents interact with their children differently based upon gender are true?

Parents are more likely to welcome gender nonconformity from their girls than their boys. Parents interact with sons in more aggressive and physical styles of play than they do with daughters.

Transgender

People who see themselves as a gender other than the one assigned to them at birth.

Legitimate Power

Power exercised in a manner that is supported by the community, which is also called authority.

Illegitimate Power

Power exercised without the support of the community, which is also called coercion.

Which statement best describes communism?

Private ownership of property is eliminated to create equality.

Which of the following perspectives used to understand gender was dominant from the 1940s until the 1960s—prior to the passage of Title IX?

Structural Functionalism

Distributive Power

The ability of a group or an individual to overcome the opposition of others in order to achieve his or her goals.

Which statement best explains why the unofficial barrier women and minorities face when trying to advance to upper levels of a corporation is referred to as a "glass ceiling?"

The ceiling is invisible and not openly acknowledged in the working world

Gender Wage Gap

The gap between the wages women and men earn.

Gender Segregation in the Workplace

The practice of labeling certain fields of employment as for either men or women, which has led to relatively few women in high-paying jobs.

Conspicuous Consumption

The practice of spending money for the purpose of demonstrating or enhancing social prestige.

Gender Socialization

The process by which we learn to be a man or woman in our particular place and time.

Post-Fordism

The shift away from mass production of large quantities of identical products toward the production of smaller quantities of products, in wider variety, carefully targeted at specific groups of consumers.

Fordism

The system of mass production of standardized, relatively inexpensive products by unskilled workers paid wages sufficient to purchase those products.

Industrialization

The systematic transformation of an economy from a focus on agricultural production to one focused on the manufacturing of finished goods.

Iron Law of Oligarchy

The theory that over time, all representative democracies slowly transform into oligarchies.

Glass Ceiling

The unofficial barrier women and minorities face when trying to advance to the upper levels of an organization.

Harley was born with male genitalia and identifies as a man. In other words, his gender identity corresponds with the sex assigned to him at birth, so he is cisgender.

True

Prince Broderick will become King once his father dies, and nobody will question it because royalty has always been determined by lineage. This best demonstrates traditional domination.

True

Sexual Harassment

Verbal or physical harassment of a sexual nature when the harassment creates a hostile work environment or when the victim's advancement at work is affected.

Which statements about gender and hookup culture are true?

Women who engage in casual sex are viewed more negatively than men. Men tend to gain social status through hookups.

This video is about the leader of Venezuela, Nicolas Maduro. In this scenario, Venezuela is ______

a state

Hilde believes competition between businesses is beneficial for everyone, as profit-motivated economic activity is healthy for the economy. Hilde supports which type of economic system?

capitalism

As seen in this video, international trade is subject to government decisions and policies. Despite this, the U.S. is still considered to have a ______ economy.

capitalist

In which industry are women more likely than men to hold a position?

caretaking

Alison leads various volunteer efforts in her community. The legitimacy of Alison's position is drawn from her extraordinary personal qualities and ability to bring people together in efforts for social change. This best exemplifies ______.

charismatic domination

Which is/are considered by Weber to be a type of legitimate state power?

charismatic domination rational-legal domination traditional domination

How has the median national percentage of sexually active teens changed between 2001 and 2013?

decreased by 7%

During which stage of economic development do companies that provide services tend to thrive while companies that mass produce goods struggle?

deindustrialization

At a micro level, we can trace stages of an individual's life as a girl or boy starting from ________.

early childhood socialization

Title IX was a federal law passed nearly fifty years ago to establish gender equity in _______.

education

According to Max Weber, the state is the only entity in a given geographical area that uses physical violence.

false

During the Colonial era, sexual activity typically only occurred among married couples.

false

Fascism is considered to be a form of socialism.

false

It is impossible for a civil society to emerge out of the state of nature.

false

Of the different kinds of democracy, the United States could be best described as a direct democracy.

false

Socialism refers to an economic system under which the means of production are privately owned.

false

The perspective that provides us with the most inclusive and overall view of how gender operates in our lives is called ______.

gender as social structure

In this video, we learn that Nicolas Maduro is oppressing the Venezuelan people and attempting to overthrow elected President Juan Guadio. According to Mike Pence, Nicolas Maduro holds which kind of power over Venezuela?

illegitimate

Most people in Claude's society have worked as farmers for their entire lives. Now, due to technological advances, people are starting to work in large factories to manufacture goods. This best demonstrates ______.

industrialization

A newborn who has ambiguous genitalia and cannot be clearly identified as biologically male or female is referred to as ______.

intersex

Which categories indicate sexuality?

lesbian and bisexual

Men are much more likely to be newscasters than women. This sends the subliminal message that ______.

men are knowledgeable leaders to whom we should listen

In 2013, which state had the highest percentage of sexually active high school students?

mississippi

The concept of the divine right of kings best applies to which type of government?

monarchy

The partnership between the U.S. and China demonstrates that ______.

nation states in various phases of economic development are able to work in partnership

Proponents of ______ theory see the state as a neutral forum where the preference of different groups and citizens can be evaluated in order to provide the policies and services that will please the greatest number of citizens.

pluralist

From which sphere(s) of social life does Mills argue members of the power elite are drawn?

political elite corporate elite military elite

which of the following is an example of pink washing?

purposefully marketing clothes toward a specific gender

Which of the following types of government best describes the U.S.?

representative democracy

Vaughan is fine with the government monitoring his activities, because he is willing to give up his individual right to privacy in exchange for protection. This best demonstrates which concept?

social contract

Talia thinks society works best when men play the role of the breadwinner while women play the role of the caretaker. With which perspective on gender does Talia's view most closely align?

structural functionalist

Which perspective focuses on how people wear clothing and behave in ways that they feel are appropriate for their "chosen" gender?

symbolic interactionism

Divine Right of Kings

the idea that the king was given his power by God, and thus no mortal man could stand in judgment against him.

Nadine lives in a society whose leader is attempting to control all aspects of social, political, and economic life. She most likely lives in a(n) ______.

totalitarian state

People who identify with a gender other than the one assigned to them at birth are ______.

transgender

The parents in this video want their kids to ______ to challenge traditional gender roles and dismantle misogyny.

wear gender-neutral clothes

A member of which of the following groups is most likely to receive at least an undergraduate degree by the age of 28?

white women

What is the range of values between states in 2013?

16%

Sex

A biological construct that is defined by external genitalia, chromosomes, and internal reproductive organs.

Class Domination Theory

A conflict theory perspective that argues that the economic elite are able to dominate society because of their power over the workings of the economy.

Elite Theory

A conflict theory perspective that sees power as consolidated in the hands of a small group of people both inside and outside of government.

Laissez-Faire Capitalism

A form of capitalism in which markets are not subject to regulation by the state.

Autocracy

A form of government in which absolute power is held by one person whose authority is not restricted in any way by either law or custom.

Democratic Socialism

A form of socialism in which the state controls public utilities such as energy, transportation, and communication while leaving the rest of the economy to be governed by heavily regulated capitalism.

Corporate Community

A network composed of the directors, partners, and managers of various profit-seeking enterprises.

Policy-Planning Network

A network of individuals and institutions that develop and advocate for social policy reforms that will advance their funders' interests.