Chapter 8 Test

After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing:

REM sleep

Paradoxical sleep is to slow-wave sleep as __________________ sleep is to ___________________ sleep.

REM; Stage 4

Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when stimulated on other body parts. The best illustrates:

generalization

After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, _____________________ occurred.

extinction

Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has manu of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of:

generalization

The tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is called:

generalization

Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates:

generalization

Formal operational thought is most similar to:

fluid intelligence

After receiving a painful shot form a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav experiences fear of any women wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates:

generalization

Because of the discomfort and embarrassment associated with his childhood bedwetting, Andrew becomes nervous whenever he has the urge to urinate. If genital arousal subsequently makes Andrew unusually anxious, this would best illustrate:

generalization

A learned association between a response and a stimulus is to _________________ as a learned association between two stimuli is to ______________________.

operant conditioning; classical conditioning

Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms are indicative of:

physical dependence

The capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged brain area is known as brain:

plasticity

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________________________ is to ___________________________.

positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer

Just prior to awakening Chinua from a hypnotic state, the therapist told him that during the next few days he would feel nauseous whenever he reached for a cigarette. Chinua's therapist was attempting to make use of:

posthypnotic suggestion

The removal of electric shock is to the receipt of good grades as ________________ is to ___________________.

primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer

An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a:

punishment

Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of:

punishment

The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus is to ____________________ as the withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________________________.

punishment; reinforcement

Drug tolerance refers to the:

reduced effect of a drug resulting from its regular usage

For purpose of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the use of:

reinforcement over punishment

The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to ________________________ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to _______________________________.

reinforcement; punishment

Money is to food as _______________________ is to ___________________________.

secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer

Consciousness is to unconsciousness as _______________________ is to __________________________.

serial processing; parallel processing

Who introduced the term behaviorism?

Watson

Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every ti,e she smells rubbing alcohol? A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioning C) negative reinforcement D) observational learning E) latent learning

A) classical conditioning

In order to quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use: A) immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers B) negative reinforcers rather than positive reinforcers C) partial reinforcement rather than continuous reinforcement D) latent learning rather than shaping E) classical conditioning rather than operant conditioning

A) immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers

Which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver? A) narcolepsy B) night terrors C) sleep apnea D) sleepwalking E) insomnia

A) narcolepsy

Which of the following is an amphetamine derivative that acts as a mild hallucinogen? A) Nembutal B) Ecstasy C) heroin D) LSD E) marijuana

B) Ecstasy

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcement and punishment? A) Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments have no effect on the rate of operation responding. B) Negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. C) Negative reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. D) Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments increase the rate of operant responding. E) Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding.

B) Negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding.

Which of the following is true of positive and negative reinforces? A) Positive reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding. B) Positive reinforces increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding. C) Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforce have no effect on the rate of operant conditioning. D) Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding. E) Positive reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding.

B) Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding.

A geometric figure is most likely to become sexually arousing if presented shortly: A) before an appropriate UR B) after an appropriate UR C) before an appropriate US D) after an appropriate CS E) after an appropriate US

C) before an appropriate US

Forty-year-old Lance insists that he never dreams. Researchers suggest that he probably: A) experiences moe Stage 4 sleep than most people B) experiences very little REM sleep C) would report a vivid dream, if he were awakened during REM sleep D) passes through the sleep cycle much more rapidly than most people E) dreams during Stage 4 rather than during REM sleep

C) would report a vivid dream, if he were awakened during REM sleep

In classical conditioning, the ____________________ signals the impending occurrence of the ________________. A) CR; UR B) US; CR C) UR; CR D) CS; US E) US; CS

D) CS; US

Which of the following is a binocular cue for the perception of distance? A) closure B) interposition C) texture gradient D) convergence E) linear perspective

D) convergence

LSD is most likely to produce: A) age regression B) narcolepsy C) night terrors D) hallucinations E) dissociation

D) hallucinations

Which of the following provides evidence that a CR is not completely eliminated during extinction? A) generalization B) discrimination C) latent learning D) partial reinforcement E) spontaneous recovery

E) spontaneous recovery

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by:

Pavlov

The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is:

Pavlov

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was:

Skinner

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called:

acquisition

Twenty-eight-year-old Theodore has an irrational fear of dogs. His therapist hypnotizes him and asks him to mentally relive his earliest childhood experience with a dog. The therapist is making use of:

age regression

After he suffered a stroke, Mr. Santore's physical coordination skills and responsiveness to sensory stimulation quickly returned to normal. Unfortunately, however, he began to experience unusual difficulty figuring out how to find his way to various locations in his neighborhood. It is most likely that Mr. Santore suffered damage to his:

association areas

John B. Watson considered himself to be a(n):

behaviorist

A Skinner box is a(n):

chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates:

classical conditioning

By learning to associate a squirt of water with an electric shock, sea snails demonstrate the process of:

classical conditioning

A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with a primary reinforcer is called a _____________________ reinforcer.

conditioned

The "psychic secretions" that interfered with Pavlov's experiments on digestion were:

conditioned responses

Sensation is to ______________________ as perception is to _________________________.

detection; interpretation

Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of:

discrimination

Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to saliva to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This illustrates the process of:

discrimination

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called:

discrimination

A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force himself to go into 20 elevators a day. The therapist most likely want to encourage the ________________________ of the patient's fear.

extinction

When light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to alter ______________________ production by the pineal gland.

melatonin

Escape from an aversive stimulus is a ____________________ reinforcer.

negative

Because Saleem was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cords, he no longer does so. Saleem's behavior change best illustrates the value of:

operant conditioning

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying:

operant conditioning

Ever since his mother began to give Julio gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night, Julio discontinued his habit of bedwetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of:

operant conditioning

Laurie's thumbsucking has become habitual because she begins to feel less anxious whenever se sucks her thumb. This best illustrates the process of:

operant conditioning

Learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of:

operant conditioning

Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates:

operant conditioning

The process of reinforcing successively close approximations to a desired behavior is called:

shaping

Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes u to snort air for a few second before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from:

sleep apnea

Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates:

spontaneous recovery

The reappearance, after a time lapse, or an extinguished CR is called:

spontaneous recovery

The perception that Bugs Bunny is hopping across the movie screen best illustrates:

stroboscopic movement

Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote:

survival

Sleep apnea is a disorder involving:

the cessation of breathing during sleep

A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n):

unconditioned response