Chapter 8 Test Ready

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research? a. Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup. b. Many miscarriages of justice have occurred based on faulty eyewitness testimony. c. Suggestion can create false memories for events that occurred when a person was a young child. d. Suggestion can create false memories for an event that a person has experienced just recently.

a. Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by MPI a. even if they are told to ignore the postevent information. b. only if the MPI is presented immediately after viewing the event. c. if the MPI is consistent with social stereotypes. d. if they believe the postevent information is correct.

a. even if they are told to ignore the postevent information.

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s) a. "car crash." b. "smashed." c. "fast." d. "miles per hour."

b. "smashed."

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved a. omissions of information that was presented. b. confusions about presented information when it was ambiguous. c. creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge. d. participants who did not understand baseball and assumed more information was presented than actually was

c. creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

Kieran found that studying for his Spanish exam made it more difficult to remember some of the vocabulary words he had just studied for his French exam earlier in the day. This is an example of a. a life-narrative confusion. b. memory-trace replacement. c. retroactive interference. d. a simultaneous presentation effect.

c. retroactive interference.

The misinformation effect can be explained by a. schematic biases. b. proactive interference. c. retroactive interference. d. repeated familiarity effects.

c. retroactive interference.

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____. a. schema b. narrative c. script d. misattribution

c. script

In the word list experiment that was based on work by Deese (1959) and Roediger & McDermott (1995), many students incorrectly remembered hearing the word ________ as part of the list of presented stimuli. This highlights a disadvantage of memory's constructive nature. a. drowsy b. tired c. sleep d. blanket

c. sleep

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder a. helped him draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base. b. is an advantage because it eliminates "selective" recording (remembering some events and forgetting others), which provides no useful service to humans. c. is largely a blessing because no event would be erased. d. can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

d. can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique? a. Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer. b. Police start their interview with simple filler questions to make the witnesses feel comfortable. c. Police offer positive reinforcement to witnesses (e.g., "Good, that makes sense.") when the witnesses give information consistent with what is in the police file. d. Police ask witnesses questions and have them rate their confidence level in their recollections.

a. Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors? a. Source monitoring b. Schema confusion c. Recovered memory d. MPI

a. Source monitoring

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that a. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event. b. the presence of a weapon enhances memory for all parts of the event. c. the threat of a weapon causes people to focus their attention away from the weapon itself. d. the presence of a weapon has no effect on memory for the event.

a. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory. a. schemas b. bias c. confabulation d. scripts

a. schemas

When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a(n) ____ lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified. a. simultaneous b. sequential c. precued d. immediate

a. simultaneous

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable. a. transition points b. trauma-based experiences c. the freshman year d. family-centered challenges

a. transition points

Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first-grade teacher's desk" experiment showed that presenting a. accounts of actual childhood events supplied by a participant's parent decreased the likelihood of false memories. b. a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories. c. accounts of actual childhood events supplied by a participant's parent increased the likelihood of false memories. d. a photograph of the participant's first-grade class decreased the likelihood of false memories.

b. a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories.

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the a. narrative rehearsal hypothesis. b. cognitive hypothesis. c. autobiographical hypothesis. d. self-image hypothesis.

b. cognitive hypothesis.

Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is a. source monitoring. b. repeated recall. c. pre-cueing. d. scripting.

b. repeated recall.

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos a. the person has seen before. b. they took themselves. c. of familiar places. d. the person has never seen before.

b. they took themselves.

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that a. despite public misconception, eyewitnesses are usually very accurate when selecting a perpetrator from a lineup. b. when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong. c. it is unnecessary to warn an eyewitness that a suspect may or may not be in a lineup. d. highly confident eyewitnesses are usually accurate.

b. when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

____ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence. a. Observer perspective b. Automatic narrative c. Pragmatic inference d. Prospective memory

c. Pragmatic inference

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented a. before the event. b. during the event. c. after the event. d. all of the above

c. after the event.

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a ______ process. a. consequentiality based b. life-narrative c. constructive d. narrative-rehearsal

c. constructive

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the a. misinformation effect. b. reminiscence bump. c. familiarity effect. d. constructive nature of memory.

d. constructive nature of memory.

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants a. remember more details about the event. b. report less confidence about their recollections. c. report less vivid recollections of the event. d. make more errors in their recollections.

d. make more errors in their recollections.

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the a. reminiscence hypothesis. b. cognitive hypothesis. c. life-narrative hypothesis. d. narrative rehearsal hypothesis.

d. narrative rehearsal hypothesis.

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of a. one month. b. one week. c. one hour. d. 24 hours.

d. 24 hours