Chapter 8: The West End of the Old World Web: Carthage, Rome, and the Mediterranean World, 800 BCE to 200 CE

Based on this map of the Roman economy, place the trade goods in order from least prevalent to most common.

1. Amber 2. lead 3.timber

The emperors who followed Augustus continued to extend the frontiers of the Roman Empire. Place the following territories by the order in which Rome conquered them.

1. British Isles 2. Judea 3. Dacian Territory 4. Parthian Empire

Place the following events in the growth, glory, and demise of the Roman Empire in chronological order.

1. foundation of carthage 2.creation of the roman republic 3.Punic wars 4.epidemics hit the empire

In 264 BCE, Rome and Carthage's arrangement of peaceful coexistence and collaboration ended when both regarded the presence of the other in Sicily as dangerous. This mistrust led to the Punic Wars. Place the following events from this period in chronological order.

1.in a war mainly faught at sea, rome vanquishes carthage's navy 2.Carthage reorganizes trade in spain and becomes an empire 3.roman armies enter spain, taking control of its main source of revenue. 4.Romans burn carthage

By 650 BCE Carthage was a city of considerable size. Roughly how many people lived in Carthage by that time?

30,000

After 450 BCE the Roman political system was able to ensure the stability of the Republic. Identify the sentences that describe how it functioned.

A pair of consuls governed at the same time for one year. Senators held office for life. It regularly held assemblies that could approve or reject legislation.

Revolts proved to be rare in the Roman Empire. This was partly because leaders allowed local communities to exercise some degree of autonomy. Two significant uprisings were those led by the Jews, also referred to as the Roman-Jewish Wars, and one in southeastern Britain. Match each statement below to the uprising to which it refers.

Britain - 1.It lasted for a year and started in 60 CE. 2.It was led by Queen Boudica. Roman-Jewish War 1.It resulted from a struggle among local factions. 2.The first revolt took place in Judaea.

Based on the map, which of the following statements about Roman expansion are true?

By the time of Julius Caesar's death, the Roman Empire had extended as far north as the Rhine River.

After the Roman Empire's fragmentation, its eastern part transformed into what region?

Byzantine Empire

The earliest archeological evidence of social units in Rome dates from the tenth century BCE; 500 years later Rome started gaining power as a state. This was partly thanks to its expertise in warfare and its large army. What elements helped Rome achieve these?

Captives were enslaved to work in farming. Romans extended citizenship to some neighbors. Men had to serve in the army from age 17 to 46 when needed.

The first seaborn empire was founded in North Africa about 800 BCE under the name of It developed differently than other empires, as its growth was not based on neighboring developments but on its thriving commercial activities. This empire also created the greatest the world had yet seen. Its sailors and traders connected the west and east Mediterranean, specifically the area of Sicily and Spain with the Levant and

Carthage. Conquering. navy. egypt

Relative Roman political stability and success in keeping social conflict to the minimum was mainly based on two institutions: the rule of law and the political use of citizenship. Match each characteristic to the appropriate institution. Note that not all characteristics must be used.

Citizenship - 1. tripled in the years 91 to 89 BCE 2. had different gradations Rule of law - 1.a code written in twelve tables 2. applied to rich as well as poor

This is a relief from the second century portraying the praetorian guard. What best describes this group of fighters and how they are portrayed in this relief?

Elite soldiers hired by the emperor as personal protection, they are portrayed as strong, uniform, and on guard

Romans were polytheists and worshipped gods based on, or influenced by, and Greek deities. They had elaborate rituals that included sacrifices and offerings, for they had much faith in and thought their gods meddled in everyday human affairs. Romans had multiple deities that served different purposes, from the guardian god of the homes, Lar, to the god of manure, .

Etruscan. omens. Sterculinus

Augustus managed to build a large empire that survived and remained stable for two centuries. Which of the following actions were part of his strategy?

He killed political opponents. He allowed aristocrats to hold a good amount of power and wealth.

Carthage became a hub where goods from distant regions were exchanged. Identify which of the following products were imported and which were exported during the early centuries of the empire.

Imports - wool slaves grain Exports - ivory carvings bronze statuettes pottery

Archeologists argue that Mediterranean trade grew fivefold between 500 BCE and 100 BCE and that Carthage's seaborn empire played a leading role in this development. Which of the following accomplishments placed Carthage in this prominent position?

It managed to increase Spain's output of silver. It pioneered the Britain-Mediterranean connection. It developed an alphabet that became the basis for all writing systems along the Mediterranean.

After Trajan, the empire stopped conquering new territory, and stability became its common denominator. Which of the following statements describe how the empire performed during this time period?

It started to rely on new sources of revenue to maintain itself. Trade grew the Roman economy.

The following excerpt comes from a speech delivered by Hortensia in the Roman Senate when, against all tradition, the 1,400 wealthiest women were obliged to pay taxes. Read the passage, and select the segment where Hortensia describes the reason for her protest of these new taxes. ( ... ) "Because this is a time of war", do you say? When have there not been wars, and when have taxes ever been imposed on women, who are exempted by their sex among all mankind? Our mothers did once rise superior to their sex and made contributions when you were in danger of losing the whole empire and the city itself through the conflict with the Carthaginians. But then they contributed voluntarily, not from their landed property, their fields, their dowries, or their houses, without which life is not possible for free women, but only from their own jewellery, and ... not by force and violence, but what they themselves were willing to give. What alarm is there now for the empire or the country? Let war with the Gauls or the Parthians come, and we shall not be inferior to our mothers in zeal for the common safety; but for civil wars may we never contribute, nor ever assist you against each other!

Let war with the Gauls or the Parthians come, and we shall not be inferior to our mothers in zeal for the common safety; but for civil wars may we never contribute, nor ever assist you against each other!

Place the following events leading to the Roman Republic's debacle in chronological order.

Marius was elected consul seven elective times Sulla marched his army to Rome in discontent Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar divided Rome Julius Caesar won in battle against forces loyal to the Senate and Pompey Octavian and Marc Antony became consuls

Paul's travels reflect the existing infrastructure of roads and ports of the Roman Empire of his day. Which of the following statements about Paul's travels is true?

Paul founded churches thorughout the eastern roman empire

The Roman economy depended on maritime routes to move goods from one location to another. Based on the map, which of the following seas did these routes pass through?

Red Sea Caspian Sea Black Sea Mediterranean Sea

Based on the map, which of the following statements is true?

Roman conquest of the british ises included lands norht of the thames river

This is an image of an imperial aqueduct built in what is today Segovia, Spain. What can we gather about the Roman Empire by analyzing this image?

Rome invested in the health of its population. Rome financed large infrastructure projects. The boundaries of the Roman Empire extended to what is Spain today.

Analyze the content, substance, and artistic qualities of the marble relief depicting the port of Ostia, and consider who might have commissioned or created the object. Identify the claims that the source supports.

The person who commissioned the piece was most likely a merchant. Religion played a dominant role in the lives of many Romans. The artist or owner of this relief wished to curry favor with the gods. The artist or person who commissioned the relief was most likely wealthy.

With the end of territorial conquest, the Roman Empire relied on different activities for revenue. Match each statement to the activity it describes.

Trade - This activity connected Rome to distant lands including Scandinavia, Russia, Arabia, India, and even China and Korea Farming - Ninety percent of the population lived from this activity. Mining - This industry witnessed diminishing returns in the first century CE.

By 200 CE the Mediterranean web, integrated by Carthaginian, Greek, and Roman cultures, was held together by the power of the Roman Empire.

True

In Carthage, divine favor was thought to be earned by animal sacrifice. Yet, recent archeological findings confirm that babies and toddlers were also sacrificed.

True

Julius Caesar won the loyalty of his legions and a reputation as a brilliant commander when conquering the Gaul tribes. He ruled as a dictator for five years and was killed in the Senate at age 55.

True

Negotiation and political arrangements formed part of Rome's military campaigns and frontier strategies.

True

The Roman Empire dominated the western end of the Mediterranean for centuries and shaped the Old World web in significant ways. These sources illustrate important aspects of Roman political, religious, and economic life. Source 1 is a speech given by Hortensia, the daughter of a wealthy citizen. She was a well-educated and talented speaker who protested the taxation of 1,400 wealthy Roman women to pay for civil wars in the aftermath of Julius Caesar's assassination. As spokeswoman for the group, she delivered her oration from the floor of the Roman Senate, a place where women were not normally welcome. Source 2, a relief depicting the Roman port city of Ostia during the reign of Emperor Trajan (r. 98-117 CE), contains symbols of Roman military and political power as well as religious motifs. Elements include ships, workers, and lighthouses all watched over by the god Neptune, and a host of other cultural figures. The relief was created near the apex of the Roman Empire's power, and it exhibits the vibrancy of a busy port city engaged in commerce. Source 3 focuses on the construction of Roman roads. Romans understood the significance of speedy communication and transportation in controlli

Women did not attack armies, destroy property, or prevent politicians from taking office. The empire was not under threat from enemies. The wars were civil wars. Women had no part in government.

Based on the map, which of the following statements about Roman expansion is true?

at the outset of the punic wars, rome controlled the italian peninsula

Tyre was one of a handful of trading hubs along the Phoenician coast of the Mediterranean. Which of the following statements describe its development?

became prosperous thanks to snail mucus controlled the purple dye monopoly set up colonies in the Mediterranean, one of which was Carthage

The collapse of the Roman Republic began with the rise of personal power and increased corruption. Around the year 100 BCE respect for the law and tradition diminished, allowing for successful and rich generals to in their favor. While charismatic leaders competed for pre-eminence in military campaigns, some aristocrats mobilized the masses behind their own political ideals. In distant regions, soldiers had more binding gratitude to their than to Rome itself. After the largest slave revolt in 73 and after two years of killing or capturing rebels, the Republic was divided by three military heroes: Crassus, Pompey, and

bribe officials. commanders. Julius Caesar

Along with its reliable the empire enjoyed a great infrastructure in the form of roads, sewers, and which helped maintain a relatively healthy and strong population. Together, commerce, superb infrastructure, and the proved to be fundamental in keeping the empire together.

coinage system. aqueducts. imperial army

After the tenth century BCE, Phoenician cities promoted innovations that awarded them a dominant position in the Mediterranean. Which of the following can be counted among their creations?

discovered a coating of tar that made ships stronger in rough seas They realized that by sighting the Pole Star one was always facing north.

The following map shows the extent of the Carthaginian Empire and the beginnings of the Roman Empire. Both empires traded extensively with neighboring societies.Sort the items below based on whether they were Carthaginian or Roman trade goods.

dye luxury goods tin salt

The connectedness of the Roman Empire signified different things for different people. From the religious perspective, it translated into the incorporation of new One of the many religious novelties came with which Roman leaders regarded as obscure and started to persecute. Before the year 200 CE, followers of this religion were in number and intimidation was mild; yet, persecution became systematic once supporters started to grow.

gods. Christianity. low.

Identify whether these statements better describe Carthage or Rome.

lasted seven centuries as a state left very little information behind first Mediterranean seaborne empire

Carthage was ruled by chosen by elite families. They governed for a fixed period of time and shared responsibilities with a council and an assembly. While considered this arrangement as the best possible system of government, modern scholars believe it is comparable to an undemocratic oligarchy. What made this regime unique, when compared to others in ancient history, is that power was controlled by a elite.

magistrates. aristotle. merchant

Imagine a merchant trading only in agricultural goods in the eastern Roman Empire. After purchasing near Athens, the merchant travels to Alexandria to purchase before ending the journey in Antioch, where the merchant trades for

olive oil. grain. wine.

Even while under bad leadership, the Roman Empire managed to remain stable for about 200 years. Which of the following underlying factors made this possible?

rule of law the continued work, taxes, and military service carried out by village and town residents continued honoring of the state by elite Romans

Consider the images in Source 3. Fill in the blanks to complete the passage. The might of the Roman Empire depended on the ability to move goods, armies, and messages to distant provinces quickly and efficiently. The durability, uniform width, and of the roads suggest that Romans became excellent builders and Soldiers, slaves, and hired workers performed the labor-intensive process of paving stones

straight path. engineers. laying

By the sixth century BCE, Carthage managed to build its own trading empire in the western Mediterranean. Which of the following circumstances facilitated this process?

the fall of Tyre and the inheritance of its colonies

You have already deprived us of our fathers, our sons, our husbands, and our brothers, whom you accused of having wronged you; if you take away our property also, you reduce us to a condition unbecoming our birth, our manners, our sex. If we have done you wrong, as you say our husbands have, proscribe us as you do them. But if we women have not voted any of you public enemies, have not torn down your houses, destroyed your army, or led another one against you; if we have not hindered you in obtaining offices and honours,—why do we share the penalty when we did not share the guilt? Why should we pay taxes when we have no part in the honours, the commands, the statecraft, for which you contend against each other with such harmful results? "Because this is a time of war" do you say? When have there not been wars, and when have taxes ever been imposed on women, who are exempted by their sex among all mankind? Our mothers did once rise superior to their sex and made contributions when you were in danger of losing the whole empire and the city itself through the conflict with the Carthaginians. But then they contributed voluntarily, not from their landed property, their fields, their dowries,

we women have not voted any of you public enemies, have not torn down your houses, destroyed your army we have no part in the honours, the commands, the statecraft,