Chapter 9 2301

Which of the following would be most suitable for a researcher who is looking to save time and money?

A manipulation in which participants are tested in a single setting

Which of the following refers to the manipulation of independent variables with relative simplicity by presenting written, verbal, or visual material to the participants of research?

A straightforward manipulation

Which of the following is best suited for a cost effective experiment?

A straightforward presentation of written material

How are research findings communicated to the public? (Check all that apply.)

By presenting them at scientific meetings By publishing them in scientific journals

Identify the methods that researchers use in straightforward manipulations. (Check all that apply.)

Changing the way questions are asked Varying the difficulty of material to be learned

_____ is an opportunity for researchers to interact with their participants to discuss the ethical and educational implications of the study.

Debriefing

_____ may occur whenever an experimenter knows which condition the participants are in.

Expectancy effects

Which of the following solutions should be used to solve the expectancy problem in research experiments? (Check all that apply.)

Experimenters should use automated procedures in experiments. Experimenters should be well trained and should practice behaving consistently with all participants.

Rate of a behavior Reaction time Duration

How many times a behavior occurs in a given time period How quickly a response occurs after a stimulus How long a behavior persists

Which of the following is true of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)?

It allows researchers to scan areas of the brain while a research participant performs a memory task.

Identify a characteristic of a strong manipulation of an independent variable in an experiment.

It increases the chances that the independent variable will have a statistically significant effect on the dependent variable.

What are the advantages of a manipulation check? (Check all that apply.)

It saves the expense of running an actual experiment if a manipulation is shown to be ineffective. It is advantageous if researchers get nonsignificant results.

Memory Cognitive task performance Physical performance

Measured using recall, recognition, or reaction time Measured by examining speed or number of errors during a proofreading task matches Measured through various motor tasks

Galvanic skin response Electromyogram Electroencephalogram Magnetic resonance imagery

Measures the electrical conductance of the skin, which changes when sweating occurs Measures muscle tension and is frequently used as a measure of tension or stress Is a measure of electrical activity of brain cells Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to scan body structures and create images

Ceiling effect Floor effect

Occurs when a task is so easy that everyone does well Occurs when a task is so difficult that hardly anyone can perform well

A____ ______is a type of measure that can be used to evaluate attitudes, liking for someone, judgments about someone's personality characteristics, and many other aspects of human thought and behavior.

Self Report

Identify the least expensive type of measure.

Self-report measures

Single-blind experiment Double-blind experiment

The participants are unaware of whether a placebo or the actual drug is being administered. Neither the participants nor the experimenters know whether a placebo or actual treatment is being given.

Identify an accurate statement about a balanced placebo design in the context of placebo groups.

The primary focus of the investigation is the participants' expectations.

True or false: Cost is a consideration while using multiple measures.

True

Probability sampling techniques Nonprobability sampling techniques

When focus is on the relationships between the variables being studied and tests of predictions derived from theories of behavior When it is important to accurately describe the population

Identify the primary reasons for the frequent use of staged manipulations in experiments. (Check all that apply.)

When researchers are trying to create some psychological state in their participants When researchers are trying to simulate some situation that occurs in the real world

Staged manipulations frequently use _____.

a confederate

Most studies include multiple measures to test a variable because _____.

a variable can be measured in a variety of concrete ways

In staged manipulations, a confederate is sometimes termed a(n) _____.

accomplice

A debriefing session is usually held _____.

after all the data are collected

An accurate statement about a ceiling effect in experiments is that the independent variable _____.

appears to have no effect on the dependent measure due to participants reaching the maximum performance level

Anna, a researcher, conducts a research study to determine the impact of X drugs on adults. She divides her research participants into four groups in her experimental design to examine the impact. The first group consists of participants who expect no drugs and receive no drugs. The second group expects no drugs but receives them. The third group expects drugs but does not receive them. The final group expects drugs and receives them. The experimental design developed by Anna is referred to as a(n) _____.

balanced placebo design

The manipulation of an independent variable occurs when a researcher _____.

changes the conditions to which participants are exposed

Which of the following types of validity are measured by a manipulation check? (Check all that apply.)

construct validity internal validity

A way to control for demand characteristics is to use _____.

deception

Any feature of an experiment that might inform participants of the purpose of the study is referred to as _____.

demand characteristics

Experimenters generally do not wish to inform participants about the specific hypotheses being studied or the exact purpose of their research because of the problem of _____.

demand characteristics

In the context of types of measures, behavioral measures are______observations of behaviors.

direct

Use of a control group in a basic experimental design makes it possible to _____.

eliminate a variety of alternative explanations for the results

The principle of using the strongest manipulation possible should be tempered by at least two considerations. The second consideration is _____.

ethics

Experimenter bias is also referred to as _____.

expectancy effects

In an experiment, there are no clear-cut rules for setting the stage, except that the _____.

experimental setting must seem plausible to the participants

The extent to which results from a study can be generalized to other populations and settings is known as _____.

external validity

The methods that are used to select participants for conducting a research experiment are likely to have a profound impact on the _____ of the study.

external validity

The principle of using the strongest manipulation possible should be tempered by at least two considerations. The first concerns the _____.

external validity of a study

True or false: Research papers submitted to prestigious journals are usually accepted.

false

True or false: Samples of research participants are drawn from a population of interest using only probability sampling techniques

false

A researcher is likely to attempt to disguise a dependent variable by using an unobtrusive measure or by placing the measure among a set of unrelated _____ on a questionnaire.

filler items

How are research findings presented at professional meetings? (Select all that apply.)

in poster sessions in verbal presentations to an audience

Increasing the sample size of a research study ______ the likelihood that the results will be statistically significant.

increases

The confidence in the results obtained in a research experiment is increased if the _____.

independent variable has the same effect on several measures of the same dependent variable

The decision about which aspect of behavior to measure depends on which aspect is most theoretically relevant for the study of a particular problem or which measure logically follows from the _____.

independent variable manipulation

Setting the stage for a research experiment usually requires researchers to supply the participants with the _____.

information necessary for them to provide their informed consent

An advantage of using a control group in a basic experimental design is that it improves _____.

internal validity

A general principle to follow when designing an experiment is to _____.

make the manipulation as strong as possible

A _____ is an attempt to directly measure whether the independent variable manipulation has the intended effect on research participants.

manipulation check

In cases where there are no indications from previous research that order is a serious problem, when dealing with multiple dependent measures, the prudent response is to present the _____.

most important measures first and the less important ones later

In cases where researchers have more than one dependent measure, the question of _____ of the measures arises.

order

When a researcher submits a paper to a journal, two or more reviewers read the paper and recommend acceptance or rejection. This process is called _____.

peer review

A research group conducted a study to record general brain arousals of participants when they watched different television channels using an electroencephalogram. This scenario illustrates the use of a _____.

physiological measure

A research group planned to conduct a survey on the behaviors of shoppers in North America. Before conducting the survey, the research group performed a trial run on shoppers in Philadelphia. This trial run performed by the research group is called a _____.

pilot study

A study was conducted to investigate whether drinking an energy drink reduces feelings of lethargy. One group was given the drink while the other was given nothing. The group that had the drink showed increased energy and physical activity. However, the researchers could not determine whether this due to the participants' expectations of the drinks to affect them in a certain way, a phenomenon which is called a _____.

placebo effect

In an experiment testing the effects of a drug on one's memory, one group was told they were being injected with the drug but were injected with an inert, harmless liquid. This group is called a(n) _____.

placebo group

In ______ sessions at professional meetings, researchers display boards that summarize their research and are available to discuss the research with others.

poster

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is useful as a psychological measure as it _____.

provides evidence for what brain processes are involved in performing a task

Self-reports most commonly use _____.

rating scales with descriptive anchors

A(n) _____ includes a literature review that provides a background for a study.

research proposal

A research group studied the impact of attire on the perception of an individual's educational qualification. The researchers showed the participants images of different individuals dressed in different attire. The participants were then asked to judge the educational qualifications of the individuals in the images based on their attire. The type of measure used in this study is known as a _____.

self-report measure

The issue of _____ is particularly important when measuring human performance.

sensitivity

The introduction of independent and dependent variables within the context of the total experimental setting and the manipulation of the independent variable is known as _____.

setting the stage

The staging of events during an experiment in order to manipulate an independent variable successfully is called a(n)

stage manipulation

Which of the following most helps the researcher to determine whether there really is a relationship between the independent and the dependent variables?

statistical analysis

Researchers can decide whether there really is a relationship between the independent and dependent variables by _____.

statistically analyzing the data

Most manipulations of independent variables in all areas of research are _____.

straightforward

A study is conducted to determine the influence of manipulations on the observance of traffic rules. In the first case, billboards are used to emphasize traffic rules. In the second case, video clips are used to encourage a strict observance of traffic rules. In this scenario, the manipulation of the independent variable illustrates a _____.

straightforward manipulation

A group of students was asked to segregate a group of dogs based on their color as "dark brown" or "light brown." All the dogs were of the same color but the participants graded the dogs differently because of the researcher's expectations. This is an example of _____.

teacher expectancy

The subtle difference in the way a student acts because of expectations is called _____.

teacher expectancy

In the context of research on the effects of drugs, if a placebo group improves as much as an experimental group, it can be stated that _____.

the improvement is most likely caused by the participants' expectations

A manipulation check can identify whether nonsignificant results are due to a problem in manipulating _____.

the independent variable

True or false: A pilot study will reveal whether the total experimental setting seems plausible.

true

An example of a behavioral measure is when a researcher records _____.

whether an individual responds to a request for help

The intent of a research proposal is to clearly explain _____.

why the research is being done

The final step of a research experiment is to _____.

write a report to communicate the research to others